ArticleReproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E2021
Down-regulation of S100P induces apoptosis in endometrial epithelial cell during GnRH antagonist protocol.
Article in Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- GnRH antagonist protocol versus progestin-primed ovarian stimulation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of vaginal estrogen supplementation for luteal phase support in the GnRH antagonist protocol on pregnancy outcomes for IVF/ICSI cycles: a randomized controlled trial.Human reproduction open · 2026Article
- Regulated cell death in endometrial diseases: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapies.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Medium-sized follicle proportion on the trigger day may be associated with higher live birth rate in fresh embryo transfer cycles among low-prognosis patients: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Review
- Post-marketing safety profile of ganirelix in women: a 20-year pharmacovigilance analysis of global adverse drug event databases (2004-2024).BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Article
- The effects of flexible short protocol with gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist on preventing premature ovulation in poor responders.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Article
- S100A4 targets PPP1CA/IL-17 to inhibit the senescence of sheep endometrial epithelial cells.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- The Potent G-Quadruplex-Binding Compound QN-302 Downregulates S100P Gene Expression in Cells and in an In Vivo Model of Pancreatic Cancer.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Impact of growth hormone on IVF/ICSI outcomes and endometrial receptivity of patients undergoing GnRH antagonist protocol with fresh embryo transfer: a pilot study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Comparison between the modified long gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocol and the non-downregulation protocol in POSEIDON groups: a propensity score matching retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Commercially Available Molecular Approaches to Evaluate Endometrial Receptivity: A Systematic Review and Critical Analysis of the Literature.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Fresh or Frozen Embryo Transfer in The Antagonist In Vitro Fertilization Cycles: A Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of fertility & sterility · 2022Article
- S100P promotes trophoblast syncytialization during early placenta development by regulating YAP1.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Identification of Key Genes Driving Tumor Associated Macrophage Migration and Polarization Based on Immune Fingerprints of Lung Adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol for in vitro fertilization (IVF) often leads to lower pregnancy rates compared to the GnRH agonist protocol. Decreased endometrial receptivity is one reason for the lower success rate, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. The S100 calcium protein P (S100P) is a biomarker for endometrial receptivity. Both GnRH antagonist and S100P are involved in mediating cell apoptosis. However, the involvement of S100P in reduced endometrial receptivity during the GnRH antagonist protocol remains unclear.
methodsEndometrial tissue was collected at the time of implantation window from patients undergoing the GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) or GnRH antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocols, as well as from patients on their natural cycles. Endometrial cell apoptosis and expression levels of S100P, HOXA10, Bax, and Bcl-2 were assessed. Ishikawa cells were cultured to evaluate the effects that GnRH antagonist exposure or S100P up- or down- regulation had on apoptosis.
resultsEndometrial tissue from patients in the GnRH-ant group showed elevated apoptosis and decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. In addition, endometrial expression of S100P was significantly reduced in the GnRH-ant group, and expression of HOXA10 was lower. Immunofluorescence colocalization analysis revealed that S100P was mainly distributed in the epithelium. In vitro experiments showed that knockdown of S100P in Ishikawa cells induced apoptosis, decreased expression of Bcl-2, while overexpression of S100P caused the opposite effects and decreased expression of Bax. Furthermore, endometrial epithelial cells exposed to GnRH antagonist expressed lower levels of S100P and Bcl-2, increased expression of Bax, and had higher rates of apoptosis. The increased apoptosis induced by GnRH antagonist treatment could be rescued by overexpression of S100P.
conclusionsWe found that GnRH antagonist treatment induced endometrial epithelial cell apoptosis by down-regulating S100P, which was detrimental to endometrial receptivity. These results further define a mechanistic role for S100P in contributing to endometrial apoptosis during GnRH antagonist treatment, and suggest that S100P is a potential clinical target to improve the success of IVF using the GnRH antagonist protocol.
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