ArticleBMC microbiology2021
The infant gut resistome is associated with E. coli and early-life exposures.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of probiotics on faecal antibiotic resistome in neonates: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Age- and diet-driven assembly of the gut antibiotic resistome in humans and food-producing animals.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- New Insights into the Composition of the Early-Life Gut Microbiome: A Metagenomic Analysis of Fecal Samples in Children Up to 18 Months of Age.Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition · 2026Article
- Age-driven shifts of the camel gut microbiome and resistome in extensively reared dromedary camels.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Impact of co-amoxiclav versus amoxicillin on the gastrointestinal microbiota in sub-Saharan children hospitalized with pneumonia.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2026Article
- Review
- Metabolic reprogramming of the infant gut by bifidobacteria-based probiotics drives exclusion of antibiotic-resistant pathobionts.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- The Gut Bacterial Resistome in the First Two Years of Life: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Birth Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Assessing the Ecological Roles of Resistomes within Microbial Communities in Antibiotic-contaminated Ecosystems.Microbial ecology · 2026Review
- Chicken cecal microbial functional gene content and resistome differ by age and barn disinfection practice.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Fluoroquinolone Resistance Patterns in Multidrug-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Quantifying the bystander effect of antimicrobial use on the gut microbiome and resistome in Malawian adults.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Tracking Age-Linked Antibiotic Resistance Patterns through Building-Level Wastewater Analysis.ACS ES&T water · 2025Article
- Temporal dynamics & determinants of antibiotic resistance gene profiles in the infant gut during the first year of life.The Indian journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding and the milk resistome shape the establishment and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes in the infant gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Assembly of the infant gut microbiome and resistome are linked to bacterial strains in mother's milk.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Temporal dynamics and microbial interactions shaping the gut resistome in early infancy.Nature communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe human gut microbiome harbors a collection of bacterial antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) known as the resistome. The factors associated with establishment of the resistome in early life are not well understood. We investigated the early-life exposures and taxonomic signatures associated with resistome development over the first year of life in a large, prospective cohort in the United States. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to profile both microbial composition and ARGs in stool samples collected at 6 weeks and 1 year of age from infants enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. Negative binomial regression and statistical modeling were used to examine infant factors such as sex, delivery mode, feeding method, gestational age, antibiotic exposure, and infant gut microbiome composition in relation to the diversity and relative abundance of ARGs.
resultsMetagenomic sequencing was performed on paired samples from 195 full term (at least 37 weeks' gestation) and 15 late preterm (33-36 weeks' gestation) infants. 6-week samples compared to 1-year samples had 4.37 times (95% CI: 3.54-5.39) the rate of harboring ARGs. The majority of ARGs that were at a greater relative abundance at 6 weeks (chi-squared p < 0.01) worked through the mechanism of antibiotic efflux. The overall relative abundance of the resistome was strongly correlated with Proteobacteria (Spearman correlation = 78.9%) and specifically Escherichia coli (62.2%) relative abundance in the gut microbiome. Among infant characteristics, delivery mode was most strongly associated with the diversity and relative abundance of ARGs. Infants born via cesarean delivery had a trend towards a higher risk of harboring unique ARGs [relative risk = 1.12 (95% CI: 0.97-1.29)] as well as having an increased risk for overall ARG relative abundance [relative risk = 1.43 (95% CI: 1.12-1.84)] at 1 year compared to infants born vaginally.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that the developing infant gut resistome may be alterable by early-life exposures. Establishing the extent to which infant characteristics and early-life exposures impact the resistome can ultimately lead to interventions that decrease the transmission of ARGs and thus the risk of antibiotic resistant infections.
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Registered trials
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