Trial reportNeuroImage. Clinical2021
A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of prefrontal cortex deep transcranial magnetic stimulation efficacy in adults with attention deficit/hyperactive disorder: A double blind, randomized clinical trial.
Trial report in NeuroImage. Clinical, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutic effects of tDCS on behavioral and cognitive functions in adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cortical excitability and therapeutic efficacy.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- A meta-analysis on the therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for cognitive functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders.BMC psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Functional changes in prefrontal cortex following frequency-specific training.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Toward precision neuromodulation in ADHD: rTMS-evoked excitability as a biomarker and ccPAS as an alternative protocol.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2026Article
- Reinventing amlodipine.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2026Review
- The applications of TMS in brain function assessment and treatment of mental disorders: a narrative review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Digital health technologies for adults with ADHD: a scoping review.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Review
- Adjunctive Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) for Managing Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents with Externalizing Behavior Disorders: An Open-label Trial.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Improving Cognitive Deficits and Clinical Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Change in striatal functional connectivity networks across 2 years due to stimulant exposure in childhood ADHD: results from the ABCD sample.Translational psychiatry · 2024Observational
- Transcranial photobiomodulation for neurodevelopmental disorders: a narrative review.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2024Review
- Change in Striatal Functional Connectivity Networks Across Two Years Due to Stimulant Exposure in Childhood ADHD: Results from the ABCD Sample.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- The Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Attention Optimization Research: A Review from Basic Theory to Findings in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Depression.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Combined with Psychological Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Clinical Efficacy of Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders: Protocol for a Systematic Review.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Abnormal Structure and Function of Parietal Lobe in Individuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review Study.Basic and clinical neuroscienceReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
ADHD is one of the most prevalent neurocognitive disorders. Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation tool that holds promise in treatment of neurocognitive disorders. Hypoactivity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been observed in ADHD. This study examined the clinical, cognitive, and neural effects of dTMS to the PFC in adults with ADHD by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). High frequency repetitive dTMS was applied to either the right or left PFC in 62 adults with ADHD in a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled protocol with 3 study groups: 2 treatment arms (rPFC, or lPFC) and a Sham arm. The study included 15 dTMS/cognitive training treatment sessions. Clinical effects were assessed with the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) self-report and the Clinical Global Impression score (CGI) as primary outcome measures. Self-report/observer questionnaires and computerized cognitive testing were also performed to assess clinical and cognitive effects. Neural effects were assessed with fMRI using working-memory (WM) and resting-state paradigms. While the study did not show improvement in the primary endpoints, significant improvements were observed in the CAARS (self-report) inattention/memory sub-scale, as well as increased activations in the rDLPFC, right parietal-cortex and right insula/IFG during WM conditions after treatment in the right stimulation group. Increased rDLPFC activation was associated with larger symptom improvement in the right stimulation group. This study indicates that dTMS is effective in modulating attention related brain networks, and is a feasible technique that may improve attention symptoms in adults with ADHD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.