ArticleJournal of autoimmunity2021
Unique autoantibody prevalence in long-term recovered SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals.
Article in Journal of autoimmunity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immunopathological spectrum of COVID-19: from cytokine storm to autoimmunity-a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Immune-metabolic trajectories delineate subgroups in paediatric long COVID.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Detailed investigation of B cell populations following vaccination and infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 during pregnancy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Cut or bind? Antigen-specific processing mechanisms define CD4Genome medicine · 2025Article
- COVID-19-associated Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and the Role of IVIG Therapy.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Brain-targeted autoimmunity is strongly associated with Long COVID and its chronic fatigue syndrome as well as its affective symptoms.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- NETosis: A key player in autoimmunity, COVID-19, and long COVID.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
- Rheumatoid arthritis-associated rheumatoid factors post-COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Translating insights into therapies for Long Covid.Science translational medicine · 2024Review
- Understanding autoimmune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis/mechanisms of long COVID.Medical review (2021) · 2024Review
- Challenges and opportunities in long COVID research.Immunity · 2024Article
- The development of anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody following severe COVID-19.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Article
- Longitudinal rheumatoid factor autoantibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Long-term increase in soluble interleukin-6 receptor levels in convalescents after mild COVID-19 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Autoantibodies in COVID-19: implications for disease severity and clinical outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- High prevalence of long COVID in anti-TPO positive euthyroid individuals with strongly elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses and moderately raised anti-spike IgG levels 23 months post-infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The immunology of long COVID.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity in the time of COVID-19.Journal of autoimmunity · 2023Review
- Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: Musculoskeletal Conditions and Pain.Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America · 2023Review
- Post-Acute COVID-19 Joint Pain and New Onset of Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The variability in resolution of SARS-CoV-2-infections between individuals neither is comprehended, nor are the long-term immunological consequences. To assess the long-term impact of a SARS-CoV-2-infection on the immune system, we conducted a prospective study of 80 acute and former SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals and 39 unexposed donors to evaluate autoantibody responses and immune composition. Autoantibody levels against cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), a specific predictor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), were significantly (p = 0.035) elevated in convalescents only, whereas both acute COVID-19 patients and long-term convalescents showed critically increased levels of anti-tissue transglutaminase (TG), a specific predictor of celiac disease (CD) (p = 0.002). Both, anti-CCP and anti-TG antibody levels were still detectable after 4-8 months post infection. Anti-TG antibodies occurred predominantly in aged patients in a context of a post-SARS-CoV-2-specific immune composition (R
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.