ArticlePloS one2021
Psychological distress in late adolescence: The role of inequalities in family affluence and municipal socioeconomic characteristics in Norway.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ethnic and income-related inequalities in mental health among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Bradford, UK.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Global, Regional, and National Trends in the Burden of Anxiety Disorders From 1992 to 2021: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Depression and anxiety · 2025Article
- Clarifying the Links between Perceived Stress and Depressiveness: a Longitudinal Study of COVID-19's Effects on Adolescents in Germany.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2024Article
- Serial Mediation Model of Social Capital Effects over Academic Stress in University Students.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2022Article
- Anxiety and depression-like behaviours are more frequent in aged male mice conceived by ART compared with natural conception.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
The present study aims to explore, in the national context of Norway, how municipal socioeconomic indicators affect anxiety and depressive symptom scores among senior high school students and whether this potential municipal effect is dependent on the adolescents' family affluence levels. This cross-sectional study is based on questionnaire data collected in five waves (2014-2018) of the Ungdata survey. The study sample consisted of 97,460 adolescents aged 16-18 years attending high school in 156 municipalities in Norway. Measures of psychological distress, depression, and anxiety symptoms were based on the screening instrument, Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10. Two-level random intercept models were fitted to distinguish the individual and municipality sources of variation in adolescents' mental health. In general, the results indicate substantial psychological symptom load among the study sample. Inequalities in adolescents' psychological distress between family affluence groups were evident, with the lowest symptom loads in the most affluent families. The predicted depressive and anxiety symptoms among the students increased slightly along with the percentage of municipal residents with tertiary educations and with increasing income inequalities in their residential municipality. However, the interaction models suggest that the adverse effects of higher municipal education level and greater income inequality are, to a certain extent, steepest for adolescents with medium family affluence. This study highlights two key findings. Both municipality effects and family affluence account for a relatively small proportion of the total variance in the students' psychological symptoms loads; however, the mental health inequalities we explored between socioeconomic strata on both the individual and municipal levels are not insignificant in a public health perspective. Results are discussed in the context of psychosocial mechanisms related to social comparison and perceptions of social status that may be applicable in egalitarian welfare states such as Norway.
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