Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34213515›Full record

ArticleBurns & trauma2021

Using bioprinting and spheroid culture to create a skin model with sweat glands and hair follicles.

Yijie Zhang, Enhejirigala, Bin Yao, Zhao Li, Wei Song, Jianjun Li, Dongzhen Zhu, Yuzhen Wang, Xianlan Duan, Xingyu Yuan and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Burns & trauma, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
38citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

38 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Advancements in Functional Polymeric Scaffolds for Scar-Free Skin Regeneration.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2026
    Review
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  6. Bioprinted skin: from lab bench to clinic, what matters now and what's next.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Yijie ZhangResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
EnhejirigalaResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Bin YaoResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Zhao LiResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Wei SongResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Jianjun LiResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Dongzhen ZhuResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Yuzhen WangResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Xianlan DuanResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Xingyu YuanResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Sha HuangResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.
Xiaobing FuResearch Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Medical Innovation Research Department and the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing 100048, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSweat glands (SGs) and hair follicles (HFs) are two important cutaneous appendages that play crucial roles in homeostatic maintenance and thermoregulation, and their interaction is involved in wound healing. SGs can be regenerated from mesenchymal stem cell-laden 3D bioprinted scaffolds, based on our previous studies, whereas regeneration of HFs could not be achieved in the same model. Due to the lack of an

methodsTo investigate the interaction effects between SGs and HFs during their regeneration processes, a combined model was created by seeding HF spheroids on 3D printed SG scaffolds. The interaction between SG scaffolds and HF spheroids was detected using RNA expression and immunofluorescence staining. The effects of microenvironmental cues on SG and HF regeneration were analysed by altering seed cell types and plantar dermis homogenate in the scaffold.

resultsAccording to this model, we overcame the difficulties in simultaneously inducing SG and HF regeneration and explored the interaction effects between SG scaffolds and HF spheroids. Surprisingly, HF spheroids promoted both SG and HF differentiation in SG scaffolds, while SG scaffolds promoted SG differentiation but had little effect on HF potency in HF spheroids. Specifically, microenvironmental factors (plantar dermis homogenate) in SG scaffolds effectively promoted SG and HF genesis in HF spheroids, no matter what the seed cell type in SG scaffolds was, and the promotion effects were persistent.

conclusionsOur approach elucidated a new model for SG and HF formation

Indexed as

3D bioprintingHair follicleSkin constructsSkin regenerationSpheroid cultureSweat glands

Identifiers

PMID34213515
PMCPMC8240535

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.