SynthesisPsychological science2021
The Bilingual Advantage in Children's Executive Functioning Is Not Related to Language Status: A Meta-Analytic Review.
Synthesis in Psychological science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Examining Neurodiversity in Bilingual Development Research: Recent Insights Through an Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Lens.International journal of language & communication disordersPooled it
- Preschoolers' Early Sentence Comprehension: Comparing Bilingual and Monolingual Children and the Role of Executive Function and Vocabulary Development.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Bilingual and Bicultural: Executive Function in Korean and American Children.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Modulations of the P3b effect as a function of bilingual language experience.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Are executive function and neuroanatomy in ADHD modulated by bilingualism?bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Parallel contributions of socioeconomic status and bilingual experiences on executive function and the brain in young children.Brain and language · 2026Article
- L1 and L2 Contributions to English Reading in Middle School Struggling Readers.Bilingualism (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- Multilingualism educational attainment and cognitive development in UK adolescents.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- Bilingualism Enhances Metalinguistic Awareness in Autism: Extending the Two-Dimensional Grammaticality Judgment Task.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Missing the Mix: Perceiving Code-Switches as a Mechanism for Bilingual Adaptation.Child development perspectives · 2026Article
- Gender reporting across regions and time in psychological studies: a scoping review of studies in psychological Science between 2019 and 2024.Research integrity and peer review · 2026Review
- Associations Between Second-Language Proficiency and Executive Functions in Autistic and Neurotypical Children.Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science · 2026Article
- Beyond the bilingualism myth: toward culturally sustaining autism interventions for multilingual families.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Voir La Vie Sans Rose-Colored Glasses.Experimental psychology · 2025Article
- Working Memory Structure in Young Spanish-English Bilingual Children.Bilingualism (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- The impact of bilingualism and code-switching on executive function performance.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Examining the role of early bilingualism on interference suppression and prefrontal connectivity.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2025Article
- The Impact of Diglossia on Executive Functions and on Reading in Arabic.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Touching while listening: Does infants' haptic word processing speed predict vocabulary development?Journal of child language · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is considerable debate about whether bilingual children have an advantage in executive functioning relative to monolingual children. In the current meta-analysis, we addressed this debate by comprehensively reviewing the available evidence. We synthesized data from published studies and unpublished data sets, which equated to 1,194 effect sizes from 10,937 bilingual and 12,477 monolingual participants between the ages of 3 and 17 years. Bilingual language status had a small overall effect on children's executive functioning (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.