Observational studyClinical and translational science2021
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Race/ethnicity, trust, and fear.
Observational study in Clinical and translational science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 213 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
213 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 383 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance: Considerations from a Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination and Implications for Hospital-Based Interventions.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Religious Justification as a Contributor to Vaccine Hesitancy in Older African Americans: Qualitative Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic in the USA.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- "You're Not Dealing with What We're Dealing with": COVID-19 Hesitancies and Motivations Among Late Vaccinating Black Americans in the Deep South.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Assessment of the Cultural Nuances in COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Through a Comparative Analysis of English and Spanish Facebook Posts in Tarrant County, Texas: Longitudinal Study.Online journal of public health informatics · 2026Article
- Barriers and Opportunities to Include Underrepresented Population Groups in Vaccine Trials: Cross-Sectional, Observational, Online Survey Study From the VACCELERATE Research Network.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Observational
- Associating Race, Income, and Discrimination with COVID-19 Vaccine Status, Hesitancy, and Access in the United States: A Cross-sectional Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Racial Influences, Social Media Usage, and Vaccine Hesitancy: A National Survey Across Vaccine Topics.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Cross-Cultural Differences in Public Discourse on COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States and South Korea: Cross-Sectional Analysis Using Natural Language Processing.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Trust in Local Clinics Predict Perceptions of Vaccine Safety and Vaccination Status.Community health equity research & policy · 2026Article
- Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among older adults in post-zero-COVID China: a predictive modeling study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- A Latent Class Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes and Beliefs: Results from a Community Survey Conducted Via the Chicagoland Community Engagement Alliance (CEAL) Program.Journal of community health · 2025Article
- Understanding Vaccine Disparities in the Bronx, New York, Through a Mixed Methods Analysis of Community and Provider Perspectives.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Physical Activity Amid a Pandemic: How Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Shaped Behaviors During COVID-19.Journal of prevention (2022) · 2025Article
- Article
- Parental Barriers and Sociodemographic Disparities in Childhood Vaccination Post-COVID-19 in Tennessee.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Interventions to Improve COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy.Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America · 2025Review
- Associations between local COVID-19 policies and anxiety in the USA: a longitudinal digital cohort study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- An Integrated theoretical framework predicting COVID-19 vaccine behavioral intention among unvaccinated students: A lesson for health educators in future pandemics.Journal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
153 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding and minimizing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy is critical to population health and minimizing health inequities, which continue to be brought into stark relief by the pandemic. We investigate questions regarding vaccine hesitancy in a sample (n = 1205) of Arkansas adults surveyed online in July/August of 2020. We examine relationships among sociodemographics, COVID-19 health literacy, fear of COVID-19 infection, general trust in vaccines, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy using bivariate analysis and a full information maximum likelihood (FIML) logistic regression model. One in five people (21,21.86%) reported hesitancy to take a COVID-19 vaccine. Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was highest among Black/African Americans (50.00%), respondents with household income less than $25K (30.68%), some college (32.17%), little to no fear of infection from COVID-19 (62.50%), and low trust in vaccines in general (55.84%). Odds of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were 2.42 greater for Black/African American respondents compared to White respondents (p < 0.001), 1.67 greater for respondents with some college/technical degree compared to respondents with a 4-year degree (p < 0.05), 5.48 greater for respondents with no fear of COVID-19 infection compared to those who fear infection to a great extent (p < 0.001), and 11.32 greater for respondents with low trust in vaccines (p < 0.001). Sociodemographic differences in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy raise concerns about the potential of vaccine implementation to widen existing health disparities in COVID-19 related infections, particularly among Black/African Americans. Fear of infection and general mistrust in vaccines are significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.