Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34212403›Full record

ReviewAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences2021

The future of antibiotics begins with discovering new combinations.

Meilin Zhu, Megan W Tse, Juliane Weller, Julie Chen, Paul C Blainey

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
47citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
4.5field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

47 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. ASP-COMPLEX: redefining antimicrobial stewardship to improve outcomes in high-risk patients with severe infections.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2026
    Review
  9. Synergistic Action of Antimicrobial Peptides and Antibiotics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Review
  10. Repurposing Birabresib to target Gram‑positive bacteria.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2026
    Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Towards EffectiveInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Review
  17. Article
  18. Large-scale combination screens reveal small-molecule sensitization of antibiotic-resistant gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  19. Chemical genetic interactions elucidate pathways controlling tuberculosis antibiotic efficacy during infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Meilin ZhuDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0003-1302-4020
Megan W TseDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0002-4968-7072
Juliane WellerBroad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0002-1310-6168
Julie ChenDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0003-4648-7478
Paul C BlaineyDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Broad Institute · US

Funding

Innovative technologies to transform antibiotic discovery. Project 4 Infection site-specific amplification of antimicrobial conjugatesU19AI142780 · NIAID · BROAD INSTITUTE, INC. · PI HUNG, DEBORAH T · 2019 to 2023
$33.9M
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF BACTERIAL MEDIATED APOPTOSISR01AI042780 · NIAID · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI BASILICO, CLAUDIO · 1998 to 2002
$629k
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 5U19AI42780NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI142780
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide and growing clinical problem. With limited drug development in the antibacterial space, combination therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. Antibacterial combinations can improve antibiotic efficacy and suppress antibacterial resistance through independent, synergistic, or even antagonistic activities. Combination therapies are famously used to treat viral and mycobacterial infections and cancer. However, antibacterial combinations are only now emerging as a common treatment strategy for other bacterial infections owing to challenges in their discovery, development, regulatory approval, and commercial/clinical deployment. Here, we focus on discovery-where the sheer scale of combinatorial chemical spaces represents a significant challenge-and discuss how combination therapy can impact the treatment of bacterial infections. Despite these challenges, recent advancements, including new in silico methods, theoretical frameworks, and microfluidic platforms, are poised to identify the new and efficacious antibacterial combinations needed to revitalize the antibacterial drug pipeline.

Indexed as

Drug CombinationsAnti-Bacterial AgentsBacterial InfectionsDrug Resistance, BacterialMicrobial Sensitivity TestsAnti-Bacterial AgentsDrug Combinationsantibacterialsantibiotic resistanceantibioticsdrug combinationsmicrofluidics

Identifiers

PMID34212403
PMCPMC8290516
OpenAlexW3173510633

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.