ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Carry Immune Regulatory miRNAs and Regulate Vaccine Efficacy and Local Inflammatory Response After Vaccination.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Profile of Selected MicroRNAs as Markers of Sex-Specific Anti-S/RBD Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Health Care Workers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- MiR-21-5p promotes RPE cell necroptosis by targeting Peli1 in a rat model of AMD.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2025Article
- Hydrogels in Veterinary Vaccine Development: Types, Mechanisms, and Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Exosomal non-coding RNAs: orchestrators of intercellular crosstalk in the prostate cancer tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in viral transmission and immune evasion.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Plasma EV-miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of COVID-19 Vaccine Immune Response in Cancer Patients.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Downregulation of miR-1388 Regulates the Expression of Antiviral Genes via Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Dietary supplementation of nucleotides and oligosaccharides in kittens reduces the expression of circulating miR-1-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-206-3p and miR-383-5p.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- The presence of ACE2 and regulatory miRNAs (miR-200c-3p and miR-421-5p) in the saliva of periodontitis patients post-COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy: Pilot Study for Maternal and Neonatal MicroRNA Profiles.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Identification and characterization of miRNAs in spleens of sheep subjected to repetitive vaccination.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
- Evaluation of serum miRNAs expression in frail and robust subjects undergoing multicomponent exercise protocol (VIVIFRAIL).Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- miR-223: a key regulator of pulmonary inflammation.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Circulating microRNAs as emerging regulators of COVID-19.Theranostics · 2023Review
- Article
- Review
- Circulating extracellular vesicle microRNAs associated with adverse reactions, proinflammatory cytokine, and antibody production after COVID-19 vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- The role of Aβ in Alzheimer's Disease as an Evolutionary Outcome of Optimized Innate Immune Defense.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination is the best prophylaxis for the prevention of infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019. However, the efficacy of vaccines and onset of adverse reactions vary among individuals. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulate the immune responses after vaccination by delivering microRNAs (miRNAs) to myeloid and lymphoid cells. Among these, miR-192 levels in serum EVs increase with aging, in an IL-6-dependent manner, reducing excessive IL-6 expression in aged mice, creating a negative feedback loop. Excessive IL-6 expression reduces vaccination efficacy in aged mice, while EV miR-192 improves efficacy in these aged mice as well, making this miRNA an interesting focus of study. miR-21 levels in serum EVs also increase with aging, and regulates the expression of IL-12 required for Th1 responses; therefore, EV miR-21 is expected to regulate vaccine efficacy. miR-451a, another important miRNA, is abundant in serum EVs and controls the expression of cytokines, such as type I interferon and IL-6. However, levels differ among individuals and correlate with local inflammatory symptoms experienced after a seasonal flu vaccination. These findings suggest the importance of EV miRNAs as a tool to improve vaccine efficacy and also as biomarkers to predict the immune response and adverse reactions after vaccinations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.