ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2022
Validation of in vivo toenail measurements of manganese and mercury using a portable X-ray fluorescence device.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison between inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and benchtop X-ray fluorescence performance for trace elemental exposure in rat tissues.Journal of trace elements and minerals · 2025Article
- Elevated Metal Levels in U.S. Honeys: Is There a Concern for Human Health?Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Ways to Measure Metals: From ICP-MS to XRF.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Article
- Benchtop x-ray fluorescence to quantify elemental content in nails non-destructively.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Quantitative analysis of human hairs and nails.Biophysical reviews · 2023Review
- Exposures in nail salons to trace elements in nail polish from impurities or pigment ingredients - A pilot study.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveToenail metal concentrations can be used as an effective biomarker for exposure to environmental toxicants. Typically toenail clippings are measured ex vivo using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) toenail metal measurements done on intact toenails in vivo could be used as an alternative to alleviate some of the disadvantages of ICP-MS. In this study, we assessed the ability to use XRF to measure toenail metal concentrations in real-time without having to clip the toenails (i.e., in vivo) in two occupational settings for exposure assessment of manganese and mercury. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe portable XRF method used a 3-min in vivo measurement of toenails prior to clipping and was assessed against ICP-MS measurement of toenail clippings taken immediately after the XRF measurement and work history for a group of welders (n = 16) assessed for manganese exposure and nail salon workers (n = 10) assessed for mercury exposure. RESULTS AND
conclusionsWe identified that in vivo XRF metal measurements were able to discern exposure to manganese in welders and mercury in nail salon workers. We identified significant positive correlations between ICP-MS of clippings and in vivo XRF measures of both toenail manganese (R = 0.59, p = 0.02) and mercury (R = 0.74, p < 0.001), as well as between in vivo XRF toenail manganese and work history among the welders (R = 0.55, p = 0.03). We identified in vivo XRF detection limits to be 0.5 µg/g for mercury and 2.6 µg/g for manganese. Further work should elucidate differences in the timing of exposure using the in vivo XRF method over toenail clippings and modification of measurement time and x-ray setting to further decrease the detection limit. In vivo portable, XRF measurements can be used to effectively measure toenail Mn and Hg in occupational participants in real-time during study visits and at a fraction of the cost.
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