ArticleBrain sciences2021
Probable Pain on the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC15) Instrument: Assessing Sensitivity and Specificity of Cut-Offs against Three Standards.
Article in Brain sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of a Stepwise Method Involving Family Caregivers in Managing Challenging Behavior and Pain in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia.International journal of geriatric psychiatry · 2026Article
- [Pain and pain management in a nursing home : Results of a cross-sectional study].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- User-friendliness of the pain assessment in impaired cognition (PAIC15) in persons with aphasia: a pilot study.Future science OA · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of a Short Version (PAIC6) of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition Scale.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2025Observational
- Validity and reliability of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition 15 (PAIC15) observation scale in persons with aphasia.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Self-Reported Pain and Pain Observations in People with Korsakoff's Syndrome: A Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Could negative behaviors by patients with dementia be positive communication? Seeking ways to understand and interpret their nonverbal communication.Nursing forum · 2022Article
- Towards a Better Understanding on How Cognitive Impairment Affects Pain.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Commentary to: "Timely dying in dementia: Use patients' judgments and broaden the concept of suffering." Timely dying, suffering in dementia, and a role for family and professional caregivers in preventing it.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Observational pain scales can help to identify pain in persons with dementia who may have difficulty expressing pain verbally. The Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition-15 (PAIC15) covers 15 items that indicate pain, but it is unclear how probable pain is, for each summed score (range 0-45). We aimed to determine sensitivity and specificity of cut-offs for probable pain on the PAIC15 against three standards: (1) self-report when able, (2) the established Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) cut-off of 2, and (3) observer's overall estimate based on a series of systematic observations. We used data of 238 nursing home residents with dementia who were observed by their physician in training or nursing staff in the context of an evidence-based medicine (EBM) training study, with re-assessment after 2 months in 137 residents. The area under the ROC curve was excellent against the PAINAD cut-off (≥0.8) but acceptable or less than acceptable for the other two standards. Across standards and criteria for optimal sensitivity and specificity, PAIC15 scores of 3 and higher represent possible pain for screening in practice, with sensitivity and specificity against self-report in the 0.5 to 0.7 range. While sensitivity for screening in practice may be too low, a cut-off of 4 is reasonable to indicate probable pain in research.
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