ArticleDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR) Results from a Clinicopathological Mechanism Different from Choriocapillaritis Diseases: A Multimodal Imaging Analysis.
Article in Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- A CASE OF ACUTE ZONAL OCCULT OUTER RETINOPATHY UNDER IMMUNOMODULATORY TREATMENT.Retinal cases & brief reports · 2025Article
- Structural, Functional, and Cellular Analysis of a Case of Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy (AZOOR).Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Clinical manifestation and multimodal images of Chinese acute zonal occult outer retinopathy patients.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Primary versus Secondary Elevations in Fundus Autofluorescence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Blue-Light Fundus Autofluorescence (BAF), an Essential Modality for the Evaluation of Inflammatory Diseases of the Photoreceptors: An Imaging Narrative.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- A systematic review of acute zonal occult outer retinopathy with a focus on attempted treatment modalities.Current ophthalmology reports · 2022Article
- Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Differentiation of Inflammatory Diseases of the Outer Retina: Photoreceptoritis versus Choriocapillaritis; A Multimodal Imaging Perspective.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS): update on practical appraisal, diagnosis and clinicopathology; a review and an alternative comprehensive perspective.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2021Review
- Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy in a Patient Suffering from Epilepsy: Five-Year Follow-Up.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2021Article
- Clinicopathology of non-infectious choroiditis: evolution of its appraisal during the last 2-3 decades from "white dot syndromes" to precise classification.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2021Review
- An update of multimodal imaging in white dot syndrome.Oman journal of ophthalmologyReview
- Opposing pathophysiological concepts in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome: The great MEWDS schism.Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological SocietyReview
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimAZOOR is a rare disease characterized by loss of zones of outer retinal function, first described by J Donald Gass in 1993. Symptoms include acute onset photopsias and subjective visual field losses. The syndrome is characterized by a normal fundus appearance, scotomas and electroretinographic changes pointing towards outer retinal dysfunction. Evolution, response to immunosuppressive treatment and outcome are difficult to predict. The aim of this small case series was to identify the morphological changes and sequence of events in AZOOR thanks to multimodal imaging.
methodsCharts of AZOOR patients seen in the Centre for Ophthalmic Specialized care (COS, Lausanne, Switzerland) were analyzed by multimodal imaging including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), blue light fundus autofluorescence (BL-FAF) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in addition to a complete ophthalmological examination including visual field testing and microperimetry, as well as OCT angiography (OCT-A) and ganglion-cell complex analysis when available. Cases and Results: Three AZOOR patients with a mean follow-up of 47 ± 25.5 months were included following the clinical definitions laid down by J Donald Gass. The primary damage was identified at the level of the photoreceptor outer segments with an intact choriocapillaris and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer, these structures being only secondarily involved with progression of the disease.
conclusionAlthough AZOOR has often been included within white dot syndromes, some of which are now known to be choriocapillaris diseases (choriocapillaritis entities), our findings clearly commend to differentiate AZOOR from entities such as MEWDS (Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome), APMPPE (Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy), MFC (Multifocal Choroiditis) and others, as the damage to photoreceptors is primary in AZOOR (a retinopathy) and secondary in choriocapillaritis (a choriocapillaropathy).
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