ReviewViruses2021
The Safety and Toxicity of Phage Therapy: A Review of Animal and Clinical Studies.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06798168 (Bacteriophage Clinical Trial for Periprosthetic Joint Infection of Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa), which is not on this map. Cited by 170 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Bacteriophage Clinical Trial for Periprosthetic Joint Infection of Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Who cites it
170 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aging and Herbal Interventions: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Pooled it
- Genotoxicity and sub-chronic oral toxicity of a blend of bacteriophage for animal feeds.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- Phage vB_KpnM_NB cocktail synergizing with amikacin in inhibiting persister cells ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Phage Genomics and Bioinformatics in Therapeutic Development: Evidence Limits, Validation Gates, and Translational Decision-Making.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Phage Therapy Is Partially Successful in Rescuing Hornworms fromAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pharmacology of Bacteriophage Therapy in Children: A Re-Emerging Paradigm in Antibacterial Therapy.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2026Article
- Characterization and therapeutic potential of DepZ57, a stable depolymerase targeting hypervirulent K57Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Helicobacter pylori phages: resource landscape, translational challenges, and engineered antibacterial strategies.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Phage Therapy as an Alternative Strategy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Narrative Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Engineering a T7 bacteriophage to attenuate LPS-driven inflammatory responses during bacteriolysis.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety Outcomes of Bacteriophage Therapy for Resistant Bacterial Infections.Cureus · 2026Review
- Bacteriophages as Therapeutic Agents for Pulmonary Infections: From Biological Principles to Clinical Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Review
- Engineered Bacteriophages: A Next-Generation Platform for Precision Antimicrobials and Therapeutics.Viruses · 2026Review
- Investigation of the therapeutic efficacy and resistance mechanisms of lytic phages targeting ST218 KL57 CR-hvKP.mSystems · 2026Article
- Non-specific Protein and Peptide Antibacterial Factors of Mammals.The protein journal · 2026Review
- Receptor identification and in vivo efficacy of a lytic phage vB_EcoStr-FJ63A against colistin-resistant Escherichia coli.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Limitations and safety aspects related to the use of bacteriophages in food production.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Article
- Genomic and functional characterization of a lyticFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
110 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Increasing rates of infection by antibiotic resistant bacteria have led to a resurgence of interest in bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Several phage therapy studies in animals and humans have been completed over the last two decades. We conducted a systematic review of safety and toxicity data associated with phage therapy in both animals and humans reported in English language publications from 2008-2021. Overall, 69 publications met our eligibility criteria including 20 animal studies, 35 clinical case reports or case series, and 14 clinical trials. After summarizing safety and toxicity data from these publications, we discuss potential approaches to optimize safety and toxicity monitoring with the therapeutic use of phage moving forward. In our systematic review of the literature, we found some adverse events associated with phage therapy, but serious events were extremely rare. Comprehensive and standardized reporting of potential toxicities associated with phage therapy has generally been lacking in the published literature. Structured safety and tolerability endpoints are necessary when phages are administered as anti-infective therapeutics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.