ReviewGenes2021
Extracellular Vesicles and Host-Pathogen Interactions: A Review of Inter-Kingdom Signaling by Small Noncoding RNA.
Review in Genes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Polymicrobial Extracellular Vesicles Reduce the Innate Immune Response of Human Cystic Fibrosis Bronchial Epithelial Cells.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Outer membrane vesicles secreted byInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles: Research Advances from Biogenesis Mechanisms to Engineered Applications.Membranes · 2026Review
- Article
- RNAs Associated With Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles: Structural Insights Into Surface Composition.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Microbial messengers: decoding the gut microbiota's role in bone health through immunomodulation and exosomal signaling.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: New Hype or Hope to Explain Reproductive Host-Microbiota Interactions.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Review
- Review
- Polymicrobial extracellular vesicles reduce the innate immune response of human cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms of virulence in Enterococcus faecium: integrating Esp, Acm, regulatory RNA networks in multidrug resistant nosocomial infections.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Bacterial EVs contain small RNAs and transfer RNAs that regulate inflammation in lung infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Interkingdom signaling elicited by bacterial extracellular vesicles in human cystic fibrosis airway epithelium and neutrophils.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Review
- Review
- Immunomodulatory properties of probiotic extracellular vesicles- do they have the potential to fill the gap in therapeutic strategies for allergies?Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Role of Small Non-Coding RNA in Gram-Negative Bacteria: New Insights and Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Functions, and Potential Applications.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- Bioengineering Outer-Membrane Vesicles for Vaccine Development: Strategies, Advances, and Perspectives.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Plant-Derived Exosomes: Nano-Inducers of Cross-Kingdom Regulations.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Adaptations of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Response to Antibiotic Pressure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Exploring the Gut Microbiota-Retina Axis: Implications for Health and Disease.Microorganisms · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The focus of this brief review is to describe the role of noncoding regulatory RNAs, including short RNAs (sRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) fragments and microRNAs (miRNA) secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs), in inter-kingdom communication between bacteria and mammalian (human) host cells. Bacteria secrete vesicles that contain noncoding regulatory RNAs, and recent studies have shown that the bacterial vesicles fuse with and deliver regulatory RNAs to host cells, and similar to eukaryotic miRNAs, regulatory RNAs modulate the host immune response to infection. Recent studies have also demonstrated that mammalian cells secrete EVs containing miRNAs that regulate the gut microbiome, biofilm formation and the bacterial response to antibiotics. Thus, as evidence accumulates it is becoming clear that the secretion of noncoding regulatory RNAs and miRNAs in extracellular vesicles is an important mechanism of bidirectional communication between bacteria and mammalian (human) host cells. However, additional research is necessary to elucidate how noncoding regulatory RNAs and miRNA secreted in extracellular vesicles mediate inter-kingdom communication.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.