ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
The Divergent Immunomodulatory Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Medium Chain Fatty Acids.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the research progression and evolutionary trends of gut microbiome and hypertension: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation from Exercise-Preconditioned Mice Attenuates Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment by Preserving Gut and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Effects of dietary oil type and level on production performance and egg quality in laying ducks.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Walnut Green Husk Polysaccharide Improve Gut Microbiota and Alleviate Intestinal Inflammation Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Cytokine Profiles in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Potential Pathophysiological Link.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- From the gut to the lungs: The role of gut microbiota in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and related research progress.Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease: advances in mechanistic insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The role ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Screening of Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Growth, Development and Meat Quality Traits of Huanghuai Sheep Based on RNA-Seq Technology.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Stachyose attenuates DSS-induced colitis and is associated with elevated colonic medium-chain fatty acids: an integrated multi-omics analysis.NPJ science of food · 2025Article
- Dietary fiber derived short-chain fatty acids as a critical driver of the gut-bone axis in animal bone health: A review.Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2025Review
- Intensive Value Utilization of Food-Derived Marine Immunoactive Peptides: Optimizing the Process Yield and Improving the Delivery Efficiency According to the Immune Activity Mechanism and Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Prognostic Significance of Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels in Assessing Mortality Risk in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Sarcopenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Host-Microbiota Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Porcine Fetal Mummification.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- The metabolites of gut microbiota: their role in ferroptosis in inflammatory bowel disease.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Comparative Analysis of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and the Immune Barrier in Cecum of Dahe Pigs and Dahe Black Pigs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Effect of 8-Methyl Nonanoic Acid, a Degradation By-Product of Dihydrocapsaicin, on Energy and Glucose Homeostasis in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.Journal of experimental pharmacology · 2025Article
- Modulation of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids by probiotics attenuates inflammation in endometriosis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- The role of short-chain fatty acid in metabolic syndrome and its complications: focusing on immunity and inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fatty acids are derived from diet and fermentative processes by the intestinal flora. Two to five carbon chain fatty acids, termed short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are increasingly recognized to play a role in intestinal homeostasis. However, the characteristics of slightly longer 6 to 10 carbon, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), derived primarily from diet, are less understood. Here, we demonstrated that SCFA and MCFA have divergent immunomodulatory propensities. SCFA down-attenuated host pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα response predominantly through the TLR4 pathway, whereas MCFA augmented inflammation through TLR2. Butyric (C4) and decanoic (C10) acid displayed most potent modulatory effects within the SCFA and MCFA, respectively. Reduction in TRAF3, IRF3 and TRAF6 expression were observed with butyric acid. Decanoic acid induced up-regulation of GPR84 and PPARγ and altered HIF-1α/HIF-2α ratio. These variant immune characteristics of the fatty acids which differ by just several carbon atoms may be attributable to their origins, with SCFA being primarily endogenous and playing a physiological role, and MCFA exogenously from the diet.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.