ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Methods to Address Self-Selection and Reverse Causation in Studies of Neighborhood Environments and Brain Health.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Geographic variations in place of death and palliative care utilisation in the last three months of life in high-income countries: a systematic review.BMC palliative care · 2025Pooled it
- Periodontal health, cognitive decline, and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2022Pooled it
- The social environment and cognitive aging over the life course: laying out critical concepts and research gaps.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Urban greenspace and dementia: Measures, mechanisms, and methodological guidance.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Associations between park visitation and physical, mental and social health among older adults.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Community physical activity environments and physical activity levels among older adults: a hierarchical analysis of environmental dimensions.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- A longitudinal study of the effects of risk perception and response efficacy on adaptation of elderly individuals and individuals with chronic health conditions to heat waves.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Assessing the correlates of wasting among children under five and their mothers in the Bay and Hiran regions of Somalia.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- Pathways from neighborhood adversity to life satisfaction among older African American adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Does physical and social neighborhood environment matter for two-year changes in functional abilities and cognitive function in the oldest old?The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Higher levels of person-centred care are associated with lower levels of stress of conscience in hospital and municipal care: cross-sectional findings from the PCC@Work project.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Patterns of Factors in the National Institute on Aging Health Disparities Research Framework Domains and Mild Cognitive Impairment Risk.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Quality of life and associated factors among people with chronic diseases in Hubei, China: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Associations Between Informal Caregiving and Physical Functioning: A Longitudinal Analysis of Dutch Older Adults.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study of Causal Relationships Between Migraine and White-Matter Structural Connectivity.Journal of pain research · 2025Article
- Life-course neighbourhood deprivation and brain structure in older adults: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Association between brain resting-state functional activities and migraine: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Linking sequences of exposure to residential (dis)advantage, individual socioeconomic status, and health.Health & place · 2024Article
- Midlife Residential Greenness and Late-Life Cognitive Decline among Nurses' Health Study Participants.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Preliminary evidence suggests that neighborhood environments, such as socioeconomic disadvantage, pedestrian and physical activity infrastructure, and availability of neighborhood destinations (e.g., parks), may be associated with late-life cognitive functioning and risk of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD). The supposition is that these neighborhood characteristics are associated with factors such as mental health, environmental exposures, health behaviors, and social determinants of health that in turn promote or diminish cognitive reserve and resilience in later life. However, observed associations may be biased by self-selection or reverse causation, such as when individuals with better cognition move to denser neighborhoods because they prefer many destinations within walking distance of home, or when individuals with deteriorating health choose residences offering health services in neighborhoods in rural or suburban areas (e.g., assisted living). Research on neighborhood environments and ADRD has typically focused on late-life brain health outcomes, which makes it difficult to disentangle true associations from associations that result from reverse causality. In this paper, we review study designs and methods to help reduce bias due to reverse causality and self-selection, while drawing attention to the unique aspects of these approaches when conducting research on neighborhoods and brain aging.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.