ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Designer Benzodiazepines: A Review of Toxicology and Public Health Risks.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Synthetic Cathinones and Neurotoxicity Risks: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Trends in new psychoactive substance poisonings in the Netherlands: A 14-year retrospective analysis (2012-2025).Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Observational
- Detection of Nitazenes (2-Benzylbenzimidazoles)-Novel Synthetic Opioids in Coronial Casework in Victoria, Australia.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Sedative effects of physcion and its modulatory interaction with diazepam: in vivo and in silico evaluation.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Benzodiazepine Dependence: Clinical and Molecular Aspects, Preventive Strategies and Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Drug-facilitated crime: A review of findings between 2019 and 2023.Journal of forensic sciences · 2025Review
- Harm reduction approaches for the use of benzodiazepines: a scoping review.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Rapid diagnosis of alprazolam poisoning by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on saliva samples.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Changes over time in novel benzodiazepines contributing to fatal overdoses in Victoria, Australia.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- From Psychoactivity to Antimicrobial Agents: Multifaceted Applications of Synthetic Cathinones andMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Intoxications involving methoxyacetylfentanyl and U-47700: a study of 3 polydrug fatalities.International journal of legal medicine · 2024Article
- TRP drop, TRP drop: a steady patter of anti-schistosomal target illumination.Frontiers in parasitology · 2024Review
- The Evolution Toward Designer Benzodiazepines in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Cases.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2023Review
- New Psychoactive Substances Intoxications and Fatalities during the COVID-19 Epidemic.Biology · 2023Review
- The blood-to-plasma ratio and predicted GABAForensic toxicology · 2022Article
- Recent findings and advancements in the detection of designer benzodiazepines: a brief review.Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju · 2022Review
- The Psychonauts' Benzodiazepines; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) Analysis and Docking Prediction of Their Biological Activity.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The rising use of designer benzodiazepines (DBZD) is a cat-and-mouse game between organized crime and law enforcement. Non-prohibited benzodiazepines are introduced onto the global drug market and scheduled as rapidly as possible by international authorities. In response, DBZD are continuously modified to avoid legal sanctions and drug seizures and generally to increase the abuse potential of the DBZD. This results in an unpredictable fluctuation between the appearance and disappearance of DBZD in the illicit market. Thirty-one DBZD were considered for review after consulting the international early warning database, but only 3-hydroxyphenazepam, adinazolam, clonazolam, etizolam, deschloroetizolam, diclazepam, flualprazolam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam, meclonazepam, phenazepam and pyrazolam had sufficient data to contribute to this scoping review. A total of 49 reports describing 1 drug offense, 2 self-administration studies, 3 outpatient department admissions, 44 emergency department (ED) admissions, 63 driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and 141 deaths reported between 2008 and 2021 are included in this study. Etizolam, flualprazolam flubromazolam and phenazepam were implicated in the majority of adverse-events, drug offenses and deaths. However, due to a general lack of knowledge of DBZD pharmacokinetics and toxicity, and due to a lack of validated analytical methods, total cases are much likely higher. Between 2019 and April 2020, DBZD were identified in 48% and 83% of postmortem and DUID cases reported to the UNODC, respectively, with flualprazolam, flubromazolam and etizolam as the most frequently detected substances. DBZD toxicology, public health risks and adverse events are reported.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.