ReviewMicroorganisms2021
Biological Functions of Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Bacteria.
Review in Microorganisms, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- A haloarchaeal VapBC toxin-antitoxin system: regulatory mechanism and role in establishing population heterogeneity to facilitate survival of subpopulations under stress conditions.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Genetic Elements Associated with the Acquired Resistome of the Gut Microbiota in a Broiler Rooster Flock in Hungary.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Antibiotic exposure and recovery of persister states influence virulence phenotypes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Structural and functional characterization of VapBC52 toxin-antitoxin system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Expanded Functional Characterization and Optimization of Protein Expression in Treponema denticola Shuttle Plasmids.Molecular oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Pathogenomics of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from bloodstream infections in South Africa.BMC medical genomics · 2026Article
- NovelInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Detection ofVirulence · 2025Article
- Molecular insights into silver nanoparticle resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and unique adaptations to ionic silver.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Article
- MazF endoribonuclease promotes resolution of transcription-replication conflicts at ribosomal RNA genes in Escherichia coli.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Toxin-antitoxins and sigma factors may optimize the fitness of free-living bacteria throughout the life cycle via an integrated nutrient-responsive cybernetic system.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- Bacterial programmed cell death and toxin-antitoxin system in bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- The Characterization of a Gonococcal HicAB Toxin-Antitoxin System Capable of Causing Bacteriostatic Growth Arrest.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Investigation of potential relationship betweenmazEF3, relJK, and vapBC3 genes and antimicrobial resistance inMycobacterium bovis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Adaptive responses of Rhodococcus aetherivorans L13 to oligotrophy: genome and transcriptomic analysis.Current genetics · 2025Article
- Carbapenem-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Understanding the physiological role and cross-interaction network of VapBC35 toxin-antitoxin system from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Impact of nafcillin and diosmin on the attachment, invasion, and stress survival of Salmonella Typhimurium.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A plasmid-encoded inactive toxin-antitoxin system MtvT/MtvA regulates plasmid conjugative transfer and bacterial virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Comparative Genomic Analysis ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
After the first discovery in the 1980s in F-plasmids as a plasmid maintenance system, a myriad of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems has been identified in bacterial chromosomes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including plasmids and bacteriophages. TA systems are small genetic modules that encode a toxin and its antidote and can be divided into seven types based on the nature of the antitoxin molecules and their mechanism of action to neutralise toxins. Among them, type II TA systems are widely distributed in chromosomes and plasmids and the best studied so far. Maintaining genetic material may be the major function of type II TA systems associated with MGEs, but the chromosomal TA systems contribute largely to functions associated with bacterial physiology, including the management of different stresses, virulence and pathogenesis. Due to growing interest in TA research, extensive work has been conducted in recent decades to better understand the physiological roles of these chromosomally encoded modules. However, there are still controversies about some of the functions associated with different TA systems. This review will discuss the most current findings and the bona fide functions of bacterial type II TA systems.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.