ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Towards a Treatment for Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy: Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Anakinra, as a Potential Treatment in Intractable Epilepsy.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular insights into glial neuroimmune cross reactivity with CNS antigens and its role in neuroinflammation.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Differences in mRNA expression of neuroinflammation-related genes in the temporal lobe of patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy.Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape · 2026Article
- From insult to hyperexcitability: pharmacological targeting of MyD88 and JAK/STAT3 pathways in epilepsy.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Anakinra for tocilizumab-refractory febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome with normal IL-1β levels: a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Elevated serum IL-18 and IL-37 levels and their association with seizure burden in paediatric epilepsy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Refractory Status Epilepticus and Therapeutic Uncertainties: a Comprehensive Review on Targeting Neuroinflammation and Rationale for Developing a Platform Trial.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Review
- IL-1β and HMGB1 in Epileptogenesis: Recent Advances and Clinical Translation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Vagus nerve stimulation combined with ketogenic diet versus ketogenic diet alone in the treatment of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome in children: efficacy and long-term prognosis study.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2025Article
- Elevated neuroinflammation and region-specific clinical correlates in drug-resistant focal epilepsy.Seizure · 2025Article
- The Role of Neuroinflammation and Network Anomalies in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Review
- Recent Advances in Bioactive Flavonoids-based Nanotherapeutics as Promising Neuroprotectants in Epilepsy.Current aging science · 2025Review
- The Development of Epilepsy Following CNS Viral Infections: Mechanisms.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- Integrated Bioinformatics-Based Identification and Validation of Neuroinflammation-Related Hub Genes in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Purinergic P2X7 Receptor as a Target for Adjunctive Treatment for Drug-Refractory Epilepsy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Interleukins in Epilepsy: Friend or Foe.Neuroscience bulletin · 2024Review
- Rasmussen's syndrome treated with anakinra.Journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Autism spectrum disorder and a possible role of anti-inflammatory treatments: experience in the pediatric allergy/immunology clinic.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- Causal links between gut microbiomes, cytokines and risk of different subtypes of epilepsy: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- The Beneficial Outcome of Subsequent Treatment with Anakinra during the Chronic Phase of Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES): A Case Report.Neurology international · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES) is a unique catastrophic epilepsy syndrome, and the development of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is inevitable. Recently, anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), has been increasingly used to treat DRE due to its potent anticonvulsant activity. We here summarized its effects in 38 patients (32 patients with FIRES and six with DRE). Of the 22 patients with FIRES, 16 (73%) had at least short-term seizure control 1 week after starting anakinra, while the remaining six suspected anakinra-refractory cases were male and had poor prognoses. Due to the small sample size, an explanation for anakinra refractoriness was not evident. In all DRE patients, seizures disappeared or improved, and cognitive function improved in five of the six patients following treatment. Patients showed no serious side effects, although drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, cytopenia, and infections were observed. Thus, anakinra has led to a marked improvement in some cases, and functional deficiency of IL-1RA was indicated, supporting a direct mechanism for its therapeutic effect. This review first discusses the effectiveness of anakinra for intractable epileptic syndromes. Anakinra could become a new tool for intractable epilepsy treatment. However, it does not currently have a solid evidence base.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.