ReviewSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Heart Rate Variability in Psychology: A Review of HRV Indices and an Analysis Tutorial.
Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07415915 (Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training to Reduce Stress and Anxiety During Dentistry Students' Clinical Transition), which is not on this map. Cited by 203 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training to Reduce Stress and Anxiety During Dentistry Students' Clinical Transition
Who cites it
203 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 401 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Methodology of Remote Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Interventions for Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2026Pooled it
- Feasibility and Effectiveness of Portable/Remote Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Biofeedback Training in Treating Stress and Mental Health Difficulties: A Systematic Review.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2026Pooled it
- Investigation of Heart Rate Variability Indices in Motion Sickness.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Exercise and Heart Rate Variability in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine - open · 2025Pooled it
- The developments and emerging trends of Autonomic Nervous System Research in Arrhythmia: a bibliometric study from 2004 to 2024.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology-Part 1: Physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement.Psychophysiology · 2024Guideline
- Non-invasive parameters of autonomic function using beat-to-beat cardiovascular variations and arterial stiffness in hypertensive individuals: a systematic review.Biomedical engineering online · 2024Pooled it
- Association between mental illness and blood pressure variability: a systematic review.Biomedical engineering online · 2022Pooled it
- Randomized Trial on Electroacupuncture for Recovery of Postoperative Gastrointestinal Function Based on Long-Term Monitoring Device.Annals of surgical oncology · 2025Trial
- Can HRV Biofeedback Training Improve the Mental Resilience of Icelandic Police Officers?Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Autonomic nervous system activity correlates with peak experiences induced by DMT and predicts increases in well-being.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2024Trial
- An open trial of biofeedback for long COVID.Journal of psychosomatic research · 2024Trial
- Promoting stress and anxiety recovery in older adults: assessing the therapeutic influence of biophilic green walls and outdoor view.Frontiers in public health · 2024Trial
- Exploring the efficacy and safety of a novel standardized ashwagandha (Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2023Trial
- The effect of cranial techniques on the heart rate variability response to psychological stress test in firefighter cadets.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Morphological Correlates of Suppressed Autonomic Modulation: A Machine Learning Approach to Identifying Vagal Impairment Phenotypes in Women.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Associations Between Microbial Depletion and Autonomic Dysregulation in Binge-Eating Disorder.The International journal of eating disorders · 2026Article
- A multifaceted approach for obstructive sleep apnea classification from ECG signal using deep learning.Npj biological timing and sleep · 2026Article
- HRV-Based Surrogate Classification in Surgical Environments Using Personalised Labelling and Sequence Modelling.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
143 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The use of heart rate variability (HRV) in research has been greatly popularized over the past decades due to the ease and affordability of HRV collection, coupled with its clinical relevance and significant relationships with psychophysiological constructs and psychopathological disorders. Despite the wide use of electrocardiograms (ECG) in research and advancements in sensor technology, the analytical approach and steps applied to obtain HRV measures can be seen as complex. Thus, this poses a challenge to users who may not have the adequate background knowledge to obtain the HRV indices reliably. To maximize the impact of HRV-related research and its reproducibility, parallel advances in users' understanding of the indices and the standardization of analysis pipelines in its utility will be crucial. This paper addresses this gap and aims to provide an overview of the most up-to-date and commonly used HRV indices, as well as common research areas in which these indices have proven to be very useful, particularly in psychology. In addition, we also provide a step-by-step guide on how to perform HRV analysis using an integrative neurophysiological toolkit, NeuroKit2.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.