ArticleNutrients2021
The Association of Low Vitamin K Status with Mortality in a Cohort of 138 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.
Article in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamins K2 and D3 Improve Long COVID, Fungal Translocation, and Inflammation: Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Multi-omics analysis of host airway responses in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia reveals potential mechanisms of disease exacerbation caused by co-infection.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Article
- Vitamin K: Metabolism, Genetic Influences, and Chronic Disease Outcomes.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Scoping Review on Diet and Nutrition in Relation to Long COVID-19 Symptoms and Recovery.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Exploring the link between fat-soluble vitamins and aging-associated immune system status: a literature review.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Review
- Vitamin K1 Administration Increases the Level of Circulating Carboxylated Osteocalcin in Critically Ill Patients.Nutrients · 2025Article
- The Role of Vitamins, Magnesium, and Trace Elements in COVID-19 Treatment and Post-COVID-19 Rehabilitation: An Updated Overview.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Low vitamin K status is a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- Vitamin K2 Supplementation in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Higher levels of circulating desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein over time are associated with worse survival: the prospective Maastricht Intensive Care COVID cohort.Journal of intensive care · 2023Article
- The nasopharyngeal microbiome in COVID-19.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- The association of vitamin K status with lung function and disease in a general population.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- Protective Role of Vitamin K3 on SARS-CoV-2 Structural Protein-Induced Inflammation and Cell Death.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- The biological responses of vitamin K2: A comprehensive review.Food science & nutrition · 2023Review
- Links between Vitamin K, Ferroptosis and SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- An overview on role of nutrition on COVID-19 immunity: Accumulative review from available studies.Clinical nutrition open science · 2023Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
It has recently been hypothesized that vitamin K could play a role in COVID-19. We aimed to test the hypotheses that low vitamin K status is a common characteristic of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 compared to population controls and that low vitamin K status predicts mortality in COVID-19 patients. In a cohort of 138 COVID-19 patients and 138 population controls, we measured plasma dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein (dp-ucMGP), which reflects the functional vitamin K status in peripheral tissue. Forty-three patients died within 90 days from admission. In patients, levels of dp-ucMGP differed significantly between survivors (mean 877; 95% CI: 778; 995) and non-survivors (mean 1445; 95% CI: 1148; 1820). Furthermore, levels of dp-ucMGP (pmol/L) were considerably higher in patients (mean 1022; 95% CI: 912; 1151) compared to controls (mean 509; 95% CI: 485; 540). Cox regression survival analysis showed that increasing levels of dp-ucMGP (reflecting low vitamin K status) were associated with higher mortality risk (sex- and age-adjusted hazard ratio per doubling of dp-ucMGP was 1.49, 95% CI: 1.03; 2.24). The association attenuated and became statistically insignificant after adjustment for co-morbidities (sex, age, CVD, diabetes, BMI, and eGFR adjusted hazard ratio per doubling of dp-ucMGP was 1.22, 95% CI: 0.82; 1.80). In conclusion, we found that low vitamin K status was associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 in sex- and age-adjusted analyses, but not in analyses additionally adjusted for co-morbidities. Randomized clinical trials would be needed to clarify a potential role, if any, of vitamin K in the course of COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.