SynthesisNutrients2021
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Milk Feeding and Short-Term Growth in Preterm and Very Low Birth Weight Infants.
Synthesis in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Fortified Human Milk Compared with Unfortified Human Milk in Preterm Low Birth Weight Neonates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Exclusive Maternal Milk Compared With Exclusive Formula on Growth and Health Outcomes in Very-Low-Birthweight Preterm Infants: Phase II of the Pre-B Project and an Evidence Analysis Center Systematic Review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Food and Drug Administration Expert Panel on Infant Formula "Operation Stork Speed" June 2025: Part 3, Marketing of Infant Formulas, Breastfeeding Support, Hypoallergenic Formulas, and Nutrition for Preterm Infants.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Association Between Early Breast Milk Feeding Proportion and Discharge Weight z-Score in Preterm Infants.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of Donor Human Milk and Formula Supplementation on Bone Metabolism and Clinical Outcomes in Preterm Infants Receiving Mother's Own Milk.Nutrients · 2025Article
- An investigation into the impact of family integrated care on extrauterine growth restriction at discharge in very low birth weight infants: a multi-centre study.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- What is the best nutritional strategy for moderate to late preterm infants?Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
- Effect of early establishment of full enteral feeding with exclusive mother's own milk in preterm babies: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for feeding infants but has been associated with slower growth in preterm infants compared with preterm formula. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarises the post-1990 literature to examine the effect of HM feeding on growth during the neonatal admission of preterm infants with birth weight ≤1500 g and/or born ≤28 weeks' gestation. Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched, and comparisons were grouped as exclusive human milk (EHM) vs. exclusive preterm formula (EPTF), any HM vs. EPTF, and higher vs. lower doses of HM. We selected studies that used fortified HM and compared that with a PTF; studies comparing unfortified HM and term formula were excluded. Experimental and observational studies were pooled separately. The GRADE system was used to evaluate risk of bias and certainty of evidence. Forty-four studies were included with 37 (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.