ArticleBiomedicines2021
Sex Difference in Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers in Drug-Naïve Patients with Major Depression in Young Adulthood.
Article in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Altered function of peripheral organ systems in first-episode drug naïve mental illnesses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Altered Cytokine Levels in the First Episode of Major Depression and in Antidepressant-Naïve Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Activation of the interleukin-23/Th17 axis in major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Treatment effects on sphingosine-1-phosphate and its receptors in major depressive disorder: implications for biomarkers.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cumulative mild stress during early life alters prefrontal astrocytic proteins and elevates peripheral S100B in young adult mice.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Mental Health, Mucosal Immunity, and HIV Susceptibility Following Sexual Violence: Evidence from the THRIVE Study.Viruses · 2026Article
- Association Between Tctex1 Domain Containing 1 Expression and Major Depressive Disorder.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- Associations between mental health indicators and genital immune biomarkers among recent survivors of forced sex: A case-control analysis.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Systemic Inflammation at the Crossroad of Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbidities: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Sex-Specific Inflammatory Profiles Affect Neuropsychiatric Issues in COVID-19 Survivors.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- The Clinical Utility of Biomarkers in Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review of Literature From 2013 to 2023.Psychiatry investigation · 2025Article
- Correlation analysis between clinical effective emotional treatment and plasma N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function-related indexes.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Review
- Impact of the gut microbiota-Th17 cell axis on inflammatory depression.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- Inverse association of anti-inflammatory prescription fills and suicide-related mortality in young adults: Evidence from a nationwide study of Swedish regions, 2006-2021.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Article
- Mood Symptoms and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Due to Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Are Associated with Immune Activation and Aberrations in the Erythron.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Depression and HIV: a scoping review in search of neuroimmune biomarkers.Brain communications · 2023Article
- Innate lymphoid cells in depression: Current status and perspectives.Biomarkers in neuropsychiatry · 2022Article
- Evaluation of Inflammatory Response System (IRS) and Compensatory Immune Response System (CIRS) in Adolescent Major Depression.Journal of inflammation research · 2022Article
- Estrogen, the Peripheral Immune System and Major Depression - A Reproductive Lifespan Perspective.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The number of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing worldwide. In particular, the early onset of MDD from adolescence to young adulthood is more problematic than the later onset. The specific and expeditious identification of MDD before the occurrence of severe symptoms is significant for future interventions or therapies; however, there is no accurate diagnostic marker that has sufficient sensitivity and specificity for clinical use. In the present study, to identify the possibility of blood markers for depression, we first measured the baseline inflammatory biomarkers in the peripheral blood of 50 treatment-naïve young adults with MDD and 50 matched healthy controls. We then analyzed the correlation between prospective biomarkers and depressive symptoms using scores from various clinical depression indices. We also identified differential responses between males and females in prospective biomarkers. In young adulthood, men with MDD had increased peripheral interleukin (IL)-17 levels, whereas women with MDD had significantly increased IL-1β, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels compared with healthy controls. However, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CCL1, CCL2, adiponectin, and cortisol were not significantly different in young adult individuals with MDD. Higher levels of IL-17 in the male group and of IL-1β, IL-6, and CRP in the female group may have been associated with the clinical symptoms of MDD, including depressive moods, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, low self-esteem, and reduced psychological resilience. Our findings will be useful in developing diagnostic tools or treatments for MDD in young adulthood.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.