ReviewBiomedicines2021
Neuroinflammation in Ischemic Stroke: Inhibition of cAMP-Specific Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to the Rescue.
Review in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological mechanism of Guizhi Fuling Pill on ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis and network pharmacology analysis.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Pooled it
- Phosphodiesterase 4 D (PDE4D) gene polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2023Pooled it
- The effects of the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast on cognitive performance after a cerebrovascular accident: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial with an open label extension (ROSTMEMA).Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Trial
- miR-495-3p Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis Through The Activation of Wnt/MAPK Pathways in Ischemic Stroke.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- In the Brain of Phosphodiesterases: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Schizophrenia.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Review
- Alcohol drinking is attenuated by PDE4 inhibition but partial microglia depletion is not sufficient to block stress-induced escalation of alcohol intake in female mice.Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Review
- Alzheimer's Disease: Exploring the Landscape of Cognitive Decline.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2024Review
- Phosphodiesterase 8 (PDE8): Distribution and Cellular Expression and Association with Alzheimer's Disease.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Article
- Identification of Novel Circular RNA Targets in Key Penumbra Region of Rats After Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2023Article
- Cdk5 mediates rotational force-induced brain injury.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Pharmacological modulation of phosphodiesterase-7 as a novel strategy for neurodegenerative disorders.Inflammopharmacology · 2022Review
- Focus on the role of mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation: A prospective target for the treatment of ischemic stroke (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2022Review
- Gut microbiota in ischemic stroke: Where we stand and challenges ahead.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Association Between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2022Article
- The Role of PDE11A4 in Social Isolation-Induced Changes in Intracellular Signaling and Neuroinflammation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by a thromboembolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery, with the impaired blood flow triggering neuroinflammation and subsequent neuronal damage. Both the innate immune system (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages) in the acute ischemic stroke phase and the adaptive immune system (e.g., T cells, B cells) in the chronic phase contribute to this neuroinflammatory process. Considering that the available therapeutic strategies are insufficiently successful, there is an urgent need for novel treatment options. It has been shown that increasing cAMP levels lowers neuroinflammation. By inhibiting cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs), i.e., PDE4, 7, and 8, neuroinflammation can be tempered through elevating cAMP levels and, thereby, this can induce an improved functional recovery. This review discusses recent preclinical findings, clinical implications, and future perspectives of cAMP-specific PDE inhibition as a novel research interest for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In particular, PDE4 inhibition has been extensively studied, and is promising for the treatment of acute neuroinflammation following a stroke, whereas PDE7 and 8 inhibition more target the T cell component. In addition, more targeted PDE4 gene inhibition, or combined PDE4 and PDE7 or 8 inhibition, requires more extensive research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.