ReviewSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021
SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR).
Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- An FPGA-Based Event-Timing Front-End for Time-Resolved Sensing with Dual-Mode Experimental Characterization.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A review of SPAD array chip design for direct time-of-flight LiDAR.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Super-dense point clouds acquired by an ultralight 10 g solid-state single photon LiDAR.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Performance Bounds of Ranging Precision in SPAD-Based dToF LiDAR.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Metasurface-based large field-of-view light receiver for enhanced LiDAR systems.Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Spaceborne LiDAR Systems: Evolution, Capabilities, and Challenges.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Enhancing Resolution for Flash LiDAR with Multi-View Imaging Optics and Range Image Tiling.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Performance Comparison of Multipixel Biaxial Scanning Direct Time-of-Flight Light Detection and Ranging Systems With and Without Imaging Optics.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Compact High-Precision Cascade PID-Control Laser Driver for Airborne Coherent LiDAR Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Timing Jitter Factors in the Structural Design of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Single-Photon Avalanche Detectors.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Evolution of laser technology for automotive LiDAR, an industrial viewpoint.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A 64 × 128 3D-Stacked SPAD Image Sensor for Low-Light Imaging.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Characterization of external optical crosstalk reduction for SiPM-based scintillation detectors with an optical bandpass filter.Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment · 2024Article
- Subsurface fluorescence time-of-flight imaging using a large-format single-photon avalanche diode sensor for tumor depth assessment.Journal of biomedical optics · 2024Article
- Broadband Profiled Eye-Safe Emission of LMA Silica Fiber Doped with TmMaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- First-Arrival Differential Counting for SPAD Array Design.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- RST: Rough Set Transformer for Point Cloud Learning.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Guided Direct Time-of-Flight Lidar Using Stereo Cameras for Enhanced Laser Power Efficiency.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Shannon Entropy Used for Feature Extractions of Optical Patterns in the Context of Structural Health Monitoring.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- MInet: A Novel Network Model for Point Cloud Processing by Integrating Multi-Modal Information.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a 3D imaging technique, widely used in many applications such as augmented reality, automotive, machine vision, spacecraft navigation and landing. Achieving long-ranges and high-speed, most of all in outdoor applications with strong solar background illumination, are challenging requirements. In the introduction we review different 3D-ranging techniques (stereo-vision, projection with structured light, pulsed-LiDAR, amplitude-modulated continuous-wave LiDAR, frequency-modulated continuous-wave interferometry), illumination schemes (single point and blade scanning, flash-LiDAR) and time-resolved detectors for LiDAR (EM-CCD, I-CCD, APD, SPAD, SiPM). Then, we provide an extensive review of silicon- single photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based LiDAR detectors (both commercial products and research prototypes) analyzing how each architecture faces the main challenges of LiDAR (i.e., long ranges, centimeter resolution, large field-of-view and high angular resolution, high operation speed, background immunity, eye-safety and multi-camera operation). Recent progresses in 3D stacking technologies provided an important step forward in SPAD array development, allowing to reach smaller pitch, higher pixel count and more complex processing electronics. In the conclusions, we provide some guidelines for the design of next generation SPAD-LiDAR detectors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.