ReviewCancers2021
Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancers: Carcinogenesis, Neo-Antigens, Immuno-Resistance and Emerging Therapies.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of dostarlimab in recurrent or advanced mismatch Repair-Deficient endometrial Cancer as a Single-Agent therapy: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Replication associated nuclear DNA mismatch repair across kingdoms.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Modulation of the immunogenic landscape in colorectal cancer by mitochondrial methylation-controlled J protein.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Cancer in transition: discovery of tumor-intrinsic transcriptional programs shaping the immune and microenvironmental landscape.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Targeting Telomerase in Cancer: Vaccine-Based Strategies, Clinical Evidence, and Synergy with Immunotherapy.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Spontaneous Regression of Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma in the Transverse Colon with Deficient Mismatch Repair: A Case Report and Review.Surgical case reports · 2026Article
- Deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer: current treatment paradigms, limitations and future perspectives.BMJ oncology · 2026Review
- Gut Associated Metabolites Enhance PD-L1 Blockade Efficacy in Prostate Cancer.Oncology research · 2026Article
- Traditional and New Views on MSI-H/dMMR Endometrial Cancer.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Clinicopathological Characteristics of Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer With Loss of Immunohistochemical Expression of Mismatch Repair Proteins.International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association · 2025Article
- CLIC2 regulates immunosuppression and macrophage differentiation in genomically stable gastric cancer.Biology direct · 2025Article
- Immunotherapy in GI Cancers: Lessons from Key Trials and Future Clinical Applications.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
- IDO1 inhibitor enhances the effectiveness of PD-1 blockade in microsatellite stable colorectal cancer by promoting macrophage pro-inflammatory phenotype polarization.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Comprehensive analysis and validation of the prognostic significance of cuproptosis-related genes in rectal adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
- Combination of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in the treatment of cancer - a brief update.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Advancements in immunotherapy for colorectal cancer treatment: a comprehensive review of strategies, challenges, and future prospective.International journal of colorectal disease · 2024Review
- Comprehensive Analysis and Verification of the Prognostic Significance of Cuproptosis-Related Genes in Colon Adenocarcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Parvimonas micra forms a distinct bacterial network with oral pathobionts in colorectal cancer patients.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Recent updates in the therapeutic uses of Pembrolizumab: a brief narrative review.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A defect in the DNA repair system through a deficient mismatch repair system (dMMR) leads to microsatellite instability (MSI). Microsatellites are located in both coding and non-coding sequences and dMMR/MSI tumors are associated with a high mutation burden. Some of these mutations occur in coding sequences and lead to the production of neo-antigens able to trigger an anti-tumoral immune response. This explains why non-metastatic MSI tumors are associated with high immune infiltrates and good prognosis. Metastatic MSI tumors result from tumor escape to the immune system and are associated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance. Consequently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are highly effective and have recently been approved in dMMR/MSI metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRC). Nevertheless, some patients with dMMR/MSI mCRC have primary or secondary resistance to ICI. This review details carcinogenesis and the mechanisms through which MSI can activate the immune system. After which, we discuss mechanistic hypotheses in an attempt to explain primary and secondary resistances to ICI and emerging strategies being developed to overcome this phenomenon by targeting other immune checkpoints or through vaccination and modification of microbiota.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.