ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain).
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Individual socioeconomic position among the general population and economic downturns-related perceived stress, psychological resilience, and wellbeing in Thailand.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Harnessing Socio-Spatial Dynamics for Pandemic Resilience: Evidence from Kozhikode, India.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Article
- Social inequalities in SARS-CoV-2 infection in high income countries: highlighting the need for an intersectional perspective in quantitative research.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Article
- Gender health care inequalities in health crisis: when uncertainty can lead to inequality.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- Cohort Profile: The CArdiovascular Risk factors for hEalth Services research (CARhES) cohort study.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Mental health and risk of death and hospitalization in COVID-19 patients. Results from a large-scale population-based study in Spain.PloS one · 2024Article
- COVID-19 epidemiology and rural healthcare: a survey in a Spanish village.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic disparities and concentration of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the province of Quebec, Canada.BMC public health · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spread and area economic disadvantage in the italian three-tier restrictions: a multilevel approach.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Geographical Distribution and Social Justice of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Palma (Balearic Islands).GeoHealth · 2023Article
- Use of Cardiac Procedures in People with Diabetes during the COVID Pandemic in Spain: Effects on the In-Hospital Mortality.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Observational
- Covid-19 hospital mortality using spatial hierarchical models: cohort design with 74,994 registers.Revista de saude publica · 2023Article
- Deprivation, essential and non-essential activities and SARS-CoV-2 infection following the lifting of national public health restrictions in England and Wales.NIHR open research · 2023Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in diabetes and dyslipidemia management in a Spanish region: a retrospective study of the Aragon population.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Inequalities in the Health Impact of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Piedmont Region, Italy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Syndemic aspects between COVID-19 pandemic and social inequalities.World journal of methodology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
It is essential to understand the impact of social inequalities on the risk of COVID-19 infection in order to mitigate the social consequences of the pandemic. With this aim, the objective of our study was to analyze the effect of socioeconomic inequalities, both at the individual and area of residence levels, on the probability of COVID-19 confirmed infection, and its variations across three pandemic waves. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and included data from all individuals tested for COVID-19 during the three waves of the pandemic, from March to December 2020 (357,989 individuals) in Aragón (Spain). We studied the effect of inequalities on the risk of having a COVID-19 confirmed diagnosis after being tested using multilevel analyses with two levels of aggregation: individuals and basic healthcare area of residence (deprivation level and type of zone). Inequalities in the risk of COVID-19 confirmed infection were observed at both the individual and area level. There was a predominance of low-paid employees living in deprived areas. Workers with low salaries, unemployed and people on minimum integration income or who no longer receive the unemployment allowance, had a higher probability of COVID-19 infection than workers with salaries ≥ €18,000 per year. Inequalities were greater in women and in the second wave. The deprivation level of areas of residence influenced the risk of COVID-19 infection, especially in the second wave. It is necessary to develop individual and area coordinated measures by areas in the control, diagnosis and treatment of the epidemic, in order to avoid an increase in the already existing inequalities.
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