ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Degradation of Polyvinyl Alcohol in US Wastewater Treatment Plants and Subsequent Nationwide Emission Estimate.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Water-Soluble, Enzyme-Degradable, and Hydrolyzable STAR Particles for Enhanced Drug Delivery to Skin.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Predicting the plastic biodegradation potential within microbial lineages and across global ecosystems.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Integrated GC-MS and ATR-FTIR analysis of airborne microplastics captured by spider webs.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Invasive Blue CrabToxics · 2026Article
- Effect of Water Regeneration and Integration on Technical Indicators of PVC Manufacturing Using Process System Engineering.Polymers · 2025Article
- Ionically Tunable Gel Electrolytes Based on Gelatin-Alginate Biopolymers for High-Performance Supercapacitors.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Enhancing Technical Performance of PVC Production: A WEP-Based Energy and Water Assessment.Polymers · 2025Article
- Emissions of water-soluble polymers from household products to the environment: a prioritization study.Environmental toxicology and chemistry · 2025Article
- Microplastic contamination and removal efficiency in greywater treatment using a membrane bioreactor.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- First evidence of microplastic accumulation in placentas and umbilical cords from pregnancies in Brazil.Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias · 2025Observational
- Genetic Engineering Approaches for the Microbial Production of Vanillin.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Exploring biodegradable alternatives: microorganism-mediated plastic degradation and environmental policies for sustainable plastic management.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- Metagenome-assembled genome sequences of two bacterial species from polyvinyl alcohol-degrading co-colonies.Microbiology resource announcements · 2024Article
- Sustainable formulation polymers for home, beauty and personal care: challenges and opportunities.Chemical science · 2023Review
- Insights into Evolutionary, Genomic, and Biogeographic Characterizations of Chryseobacterium nepalense Represented by a Polyvinyl Alcohol-Degrading Bacterium, AC3.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Biodegradation of Biodegradable Polymers in Mesophilic Aerobic Environments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Microbial Consortia and Mixed Plastic Waste: Pangenomic Analysis Reveals Potential for Degradation of Multiple Plastic Types via Previously Identified PET Degrading Bacteria.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a water-soluble plastic commercially used in laundry and dish detergent pods (LDPs) for which a complete understanding of its fate in the environment and subsequent consequences is lacking. The objective of this study was to estimate the US nationwide emissions of PVA resulting from domestic use of LDPs, corroborated by a nationwide, online consumer survey and a literature review of its fate within conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Peer-reviewed publications focusing on the degradation of PVA in critical processes of WWTPs were shortlisted as a part of the literature review, and subsequent degradation data was extracted and applied to a model with a set of assumptions. Survey and model results estimated that approximately 17,200 ± 5000 metric ton units per year (mtu/yr) of PVA are used from LDPs in the US, with 10,500 ± 3000 mtu/yr reaching WWTPs. Literature review data, when incorporated into our model, resulted in ~61% of PVA ending up in the environment via the sludge route and ~15.7% via the aqueous phase. PVA presence in the environment, regardless of its matrix, is a threat to the ecosystem due to the potential mobilization of heavy metals and other hydrophilic contaminants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.