ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2021
Treatment of Fetal Arrhythmias.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- The developments and emerging trends of Autonomic Nervous System Research in Arrhythmia: a bibliometric study from 2004 to 2024.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Various First-Line Therapeutic Strategies for Fetal Tachycardias: A Network Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Discordant Manifestation of Congenital Heart Block in a Twin Pregnancy: A Case Report.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Successful Management of Fetal Supraventricular Tachycardia With Flecainide in a Case Complicated by Early Hydrops Fetalis: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Unexpected Fetal Supraventricular Tachycardia Temporally Associated With Maternal Antihistamine Use: A Case Report.Case reports in obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Fetal tachyarrhythmias: current knowledge for clinical practice.Translational pediatrics · 2025Review
- Intrauterine Diagnosis and Treatment of High-Grade Atrioventricular Block: A Case Series and Literature Review.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Fetal Hydrops: Genetic Dissection of an Unspecific Sonographic Finding-A Comprehensive Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A case of sustained fetal atrial flutter at 25-week gestation: diagnostic challenges and therapeutic strategies.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Left and Right Ventricular Strain Mechanics in Fetal Tachyarrhythmia.Fetal diagnosis and therapy · 2025Article
- The Treatment of Fetal Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Case Report and Literature Review.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Dual tachycardia in a premature infant: a rare case report and literature review.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Arrhythmias in the Current Era.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2024Review
- Nose-to-Heart Approach: Unveiling an Alternative Route of Acute Treatment.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Advances and challenges of prenatal interventions for fetal tachyarrhythmias.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- The "arrhythmic" presentation of peripartum cardiomyopathy: case series and critical review of the literature.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- Multiple direct fetal amiodarone administration for supraventricular tachycardia with hydrops fetalis: a case report.European heart journal. Case reports · 2023Article
- Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Heart Failure.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Outcome of Fetal Dysrhythmias with and without Extracardiac Anomalies.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Preparing for Pregnancy in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-A Multidisciplinary Approach.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fetal arrhythmias are mostly benign and transient. However, some of them are associated with structural defects or can cause heart failure, fetal hydrops, and can lead to intrauterine death. The analysis of fetal heart rhythm is based on ultrasound (M-mode and Doppler echocardiography). Irregular rhythm due to atrial ectopic beats is the most common type of fetal arrhythmia and is generally benign. Tachyarrhythmias are diagnosed when the fetal heart rate is persistently above 180 beats per minute (bpm). The most common fetal tachyarrhythmias are paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and atrial flutter. Most fetal tachycardias can be terminated or controlled by transplacental or direct administration of anti-arrhythmic drugs. Fetal bradycardia is diagnosed when the fetal heart rate is slower than 110 bpm. Persistent bradycardia outside labor or in the absence of placental pathology is mostly due to atrioventricular (AV) block. Approximately half of fetal heart blocks are in cases with structural heart defects, and AV block in cases with structurally normal heart is often caused by maternal anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. The efficacy of prenatal treatment for fetal AV block is limited. Our review aims to provide a practical guide for the diagnosis and management of common fetal arrythmias, from the joint perspective of the fetal medicine specialist and the cardiologist.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.