ReviewCells2021
Retinal and Brain Microglia in Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration.
Review in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of epiretinal membranes with disability in people with multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Article
- Dual role of microglia in glaucoma: Regulation of neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Observational
- Mitochondria are absent from microglial processes performing surveillance, chemotaxis, and phagocytic engulfment.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Machine learning-assisted design of immunomodulatory lipid nanoparticles for delivery of mRNA to repolarize hyperactivated microglia.Drug delivery · 2025Article
- Optical coherence tomography reveals retinal structural abnormalities in α-synucleinopathies: insights from the Padua-CESNE cohort.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- A comparative study of the effectivity of MSC-based, NP-based and combined therapies in an experimental model of NaIOScientific reports · 2025Article
- The Immunomodulatory Effect of Silver Nanoparticles in a Retinal Inflammatory Environment.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Longitudinal analysis of retinal and choriocapillaris in patients with multiple sclerosis: a 3-year study.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- The role of microglia in multiple sclerosis: implications for treatment with Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Glial-mediated immune modulation in glaucomatous neurodegeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Microglia heterogeneity during neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the mouse retina.Brain structure & function · 2024Article
- Longitudinal Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Reveals Hyperreflective Foci Characteristics in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Role of myeloid cells in ischemic retinopathies: recent advances and unanswered questions.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Microglia contribute to mammary tumor-induced neuroinflammation in a female mouse model.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2024Article
- Immunology of Retinitis Pigmentosa and Gene Therapy-Associated Uveitis.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2024Review
- Oligodendrocyte precursor cell-derived exosomes combined with cell therapy promote clinical recovery by immunomodulation and gliosis attenuation.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Article
- Non-invasiveFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Deciphering perivascular macrophages and microglia in the retinal ganglion cell layers.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- Bridging Retinal and Cerebral Neurodegeneration: A Focus on Crosslinks between Alzheimer-Perusini's Disease and Retinal Dystrophies.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including the retina. Similar to brain microglia, retinal microglia are responsible for retinal surveillance, rapidly responding to changes in the environment by altering morphotype and function. Microglia become activated in inflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). When activated by stress stimuli, retinal microglia change their morphology and activity, with either beneficial or harmful consequences. In this review, we describe characteristics of CNS microglia, including those in the retina, with a focus on their morphology, activation states and function in health, ageing, MS and other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa, to highlight their activity in disease. We also discuss contradictory findings in the literature and the potential ways of reducing inconsistencies in future by using standardised methodology, e.g., automated algorithms, to enable a more comprehensive understanding of this exciting area of research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.