ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2021
Being Born in Winter-Spring and at Around the Time of an Influenza Pandemic Are Risk Factors for the Development of Schizophrenia: The Apna Study in Navarre, Spain.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Birth seasonality and height in patients with schizophrenia: a multi-institutional cohort study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Ventromedial hypothalamus IL-6 signaling mediates the excessive aggressive behavior induced by late-gestational sleep deprivation in male mice.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2026Article
- Exploring Repro-Timing Harm and Benefit.Bioethics · 2026Article
- Epiphenomena in psychosis: how perinatal stressful events shape long-term outcomes.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Neurogenesis decreases in the offspring of mothers infected with influenza A virus.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Maternal Influenza and Offspring Neurodevelopment.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- Schizophrenia and Hospital Admissions for Cardiovascular Events in a Large Population: The APNA Study.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe analyzed the relationship between the prevalence of schizophrenia and the season of birth and gestation during a period of an influenza pandemic.
methodsCross-sectional analysis of a prospective population-based cohort of 470,942 adults. We fitted multivariant logistic regression models to determine whether the season of birth and birth in an influenza-pandemic year (1957, 1968, 1977) was associated with schizophrenia.
results2077 subjects had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Logistic regression identified a significantly greater prevalence of schizophrenia in men than in women (OR = 1.516, CI 95% = 1.388-1.665); in those born in the winter or spring than in those born in the summer or autumn (OR = 1.112, CI 95% = 1.020-1.212); and in those born in a period of an influenza pandemic (OR = 1.335, CI 95% = 1.199-1.486). The increase in risk was also significant when each influenza pandemic year was analyzed separately. However, neither month of birth nor season of birth, when each of the four were studied individually, were associated with a statistically significant increase in that risk.
conclusionsThe winter-spring period and the influenza pandemics are independent risk factors for developing schizophrenia. This study contradicts many previous studies and thus revitalizes a locked debate in understanding the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of this disorder.
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Registered trials
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