ReviewPharmaceutics2021
Ion Pairs for Transdermal and Dermal Drug Delivery: A Review.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Skin Barrier-Informed Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Excipient-Driven Strategies, Vehicle Transformation, and Translational Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Spontaneous Non-Catalyzed Molecular Reactions and Interactions in the Human Body: Biomedical Implications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- A drug-drug co-amorphous formulation for enhanced solubility and transdermal absorption of rotundine.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle Clearance and New Horizons in Engineered Drug Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Quality by design optimisation of isothermal dry particle coating for enhanced buccal permeation of vancomycin.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Skin penetration enhancers: Mechanistic understanding and their selection for formulation and design.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Enhanced Skin Permeation and Pigmentation Reduction Effects of a Novel Tranexamic Acid-Mandelic Acid Ion-Pairing Complex.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2025Article
- A comprehensive DFT study on piroxicam transition metal complexes (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn): implications for computational drug design.Journal of molecular modeling · 2025Article
- Hydrophobic Ion Pairing of Polymyxin B with Oleic Acid: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation Study.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Sodium Cholate-Mediated Ion-Pairing for Skin Delivery of Methylene Blue: Physicochemical Characterization and Influence on Skin Barrier and Skin Penetration.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Characterization, Antibacterial Evaluation and Computational Study of Synthesized 4,5-bis(Hydroxymethyl)-2-Methylpyridin-3-ol Tetraphenylborate Ion-Pair Complex.ChemistryOpen · 2025Article
- Evaluation of a Cosmetic Formulation Containing Arginine Glutamate in Patients with Burn Scars: A Pilot Study.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Skin Penetration and Permeation Properties of TranscutolAAPS PharmSciTech · 2024Review
- Evaluating the role of amino acids and isothermal dry particle coating in modulating buccal permeation of large molecule drug vancomycin.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- From Plants to Wound Dressing and Transdermal Delivery of Bioactive Compounds.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Construction of Imatinib Controlled Release Film-Forming System Based on Drug Ion-Pair and Oligomeric Ionic Liquids for the Long Local Therapy of Cutaneous Melanoma.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2023Article
- Ion-pair compounds of diacerein for enhancing skin permeabilityDrug delivery · 2022Article
- Topical Semisolid Products-Understanding the Impact of Metamorphosis on Skin Penetration and Physicochemical Properties.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Pathophysiological and Pharmaceutical Considerations for Enhancing the Control ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
- Ion-Pair Compounds of Strychnine for Enhancing Skin Permeability: Influencing the Transdermal Processes In Vitro Based on Molecular Simulation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ion pairing is a strategy used to increase the permeation of topically applied ionised drugs. Formation occurs when the electrostatic energy of attraction between oppositely charged ions exceeds their mean thermal energy, making it possible for them to draw together and attain a critical distance. These ions then behave as a neutral species, allowing them to partition more readily into a lipid environment. Partition coefficient studies may be used to determine the potential of ions to pair and partition into an organic phase but cannot be relied upon to predict flux. Early researchers indicated that temperature, size of ions and dielectric constant of the solvent system all contributed to the formation of ion pairs. While size is important, this may be outweighed by improved lipophilicity of the counter ion due to increased length of the carbon chain. Organic counter ions are more effective than inorganic moieties in forming ion pairs. In addition to being used to increase permeation, ion pairs have been used to control and even prevent permeation of the active ingredient. They have also been used to stabilise solid lipid nanoparticle formulations. Ion pairs have been used in conjunction with permeation enhancers, and permeation enhancers have been used as counter ions in ion pairing. This review attempts to show the various ways in which ion pairs have been used in drug delivery via the skin. It also endeavours to extract and consolidate common approaches in order to inform future formulations for topical and transdermal delivery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.