ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Effect of Message Approach and Image Size on Pictorial Health Warning Effectiveness on Cigarette Pack in Indonesia: A Mixed Factorial Experiment.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of district-level comprehensive tobacco control on smoking among adolescent boys in Indonesia: a synthetic control study (2013-2023).The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Nicotine e-cigarettes in Peru: analysis of law 32159 against international evidence and gaps for adolescent protection.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2026Article
- The Effect of Educational Videos Depicting The Impact of Smoking on Young Adults Smokers: A Qualitative Study.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2024Article
- How does habit strength affect reactions to warning labels? evidence from Chinese consumers' choices of carbonated beverages.PloS one · 2024Article
- Exposure to Outdoor Tobacco Advertisements Near Home is Associated with Smoking among Youth in Indonesia.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundCigarette consumption remains high and increasing in Indonesia. The government implemented a pictorial health warnings requirement of 40% cover of the pack (front and back) using fear appeal messages.
objectiveOur study aims to assess the effectiveness of cigarette pictorial health warnings by message and size.
methodsWe conducted a mixed factorial experiment online study using three messaging approaches (fear vs. guilt vs. financial loss) and two picture sizes (40% vs. 75%) among 209 smoking participants. Sociodemographic variables included gender, education, income, employment status, and marital status. Data analysis used a mixed model ANOVA to see the main effect and interaction effect on dependent variables. For subgroup analysis, we used t-test and one-way ANOVA. All analyzes were in SPSS 22.
resultsWe found significant differences in the three message types, in which fear and guilt have higher effectiveness than financial loss. By subgroup, the guilt message was more compelling among female smokers and married smokers. The financial loss message was effective among lower-income smokers. We found no difference in pictorial health warning effectiveness by image size, potentially because participants could zoom in/out the cigarette pack image on the screen.
conclusionsOur finding supports more diverse message types in pictorial health warnings in Indonesia and other countries.
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