ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Geographical Detector-Based Spatial Modeling of the COVID-19 Mortality Rate in the Continental United States.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Spatiotemporal dynamics and associated drivers of COVID-19 incidence in Nepal.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of scrub typhus in Jiangxi Province.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Quantifying the Regional Disproportionality of COVID-19 Spread: Modeling Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Spatial co-distribution of tuberculosis prevalence and low BCG vaccination coverage in Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The interactive effects of extreme temperatures and PMScientific reports · 2023Article
- Regional disparities and influencing factors of high quality medical resources distribution in China.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- Multiple Impacts of Urban Built and Natural Environment on Lung Cancer Incidence: A Case Study in Bengbu.Journal of healthcare engineering · 2023Article
- Spatial-Temporal Patterns of Population Aging in Rural China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Racial Disparities in Climate Change-Related Health Effects in the United States.Current environmental health reports · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
Investigating the spatial distribution patterns of disease and suspected determinants could help one to understand health risks. This study investigated the potential risk factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in the continental United States. We collected death cases of COVID-19 from 3108 counties from 23 January 2020 to 31 May 2020. Twelve variables, including demographic (the population density, percentage of 65 years and over, percentage of non-Hispanic White, percentage of Hispanic, percentage of non-Hispanic Black, and percentage of Asian individuals), air toxins (PM2.5), climate (precipitation, humidity, temperature), behavior and comorbidity (smoking rate, cardiovascular death rate) were gathered and considered as potential risk factors. Based on four geographical detectors (risk detector, factor detector, ecological detector, and interaction detector) provided by the novel Geographical Detector technique, we assessed the spatial risk patterns of COVID-19 mortality and identified the effects of these factors. This study found that population density and percentage of non-Hispanic Black individuals were the two most important factors responsible for the COVID-19 mortality rate. Additionally, the interactive effects between any pairs of factors were even more significant than their individual effects. Most existing research examined the roles of risk factors independently, as traditional models are usually unable to account for the interaction effects between different factors. Based on the Geographical Detector technique, this study's findings showed that causes of COVID-19 mortality were complex. The joint influence of two factors was more substantial than the effects of two separate factors. As the COVID-19 epidemic status is still severe, the results of this study are supposed to be beneficial for providing instructions and recommendations for the government on epidemic risk responses to COVID-19.
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