Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34201450›Full record

Trial reportInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021

Urban and Rural Disparities in a WeChat-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention among Chinese Smokers.

Ting Luo, Mirandy Li, Donna Williams, Jackson Fritz, Stephen Phillippi, Qingzhao Yu, Stephen Kantrow, Liwei Chen, Yongchun Chen, Kaylin Beiter and 1 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Ting LuoDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
Mirandy LiDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
Donna WilliamsBehavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA.
Jackson FritzSchool of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA.
Stephen PhillippiBehavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA.
Qingzhao YuBiostatistics, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA.
Stephen KantrowSchool of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA.
Liwei ChenDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Yongchun ChenDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
Kaylin BeiterDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
Tung-Sung TsengBehavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6266-9891

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionTobacco use, which is directly responsible for 10% of total deaths per year globally, remains consistently high, with approximately 20% of the population reporting regular consumption globally. Moreover, health disparities regarding tobacco consumption and smoking cessation are growing between rural and urban populations worldwide. Social media interventions for tobacco cessation may effectively reach both groups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a WeChat-delivered smoking cessation intervention among rural and urban Chinese smokers, and to assess moderating variables that may contribute to differential intervention efficacy.

methodsWeChat was used to recruit smokers into this intervention study between 1 July and 5 August 2019. Participants were randomized to one of three intervention schedules: participants in the Standard Group and the Enhanced Group received 20 smoking-related messages over 2 weeks, whereas participants in the Enhanced Group received an extra 6 oral health-related messages for one week. Participants in the control group received 20 smoking-related messages after the post-intervention assessment. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline and at 4 weeks follow-up. Our primary outcome was smoking cessation stage of change and secondary outcome was 24-h point prevalence abstinence (PPA). Urban and rural areas were based on self-reported living areas. Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, ANOVA test, linear regression, and logistic regression were used for analysis.

resultsOverall, 403 participants completed the intervention (233 rural, 107 suburban, 63 urban). Compared to urban participants, rural participants were more likely to have progressed to a later stage of change (β = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.67) and to report higher 24-h PPA rates at follow-up (aOR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.36, 7.68). After stratification by living area, the intervention effects in stage of change and 24-h PPA rate at follow-up were only found in the urban subgroup. DISCUSSION: Smokers who lived in rural areas reported better smoking cessation outcomes compared with urban smokers; however, the efficacy of a WeChat-based smoking cessation intervention was only found for participants living in an urban area. WeChat based smoking cessation interventions should be used to promote smoking cessation in urban, suburban, and rural areas.

Indexed as

Smoking CessationTobacco Use CessationChinaHumansSmokersSmokingdisparitiessmoking cessationtobaccourban and ruralWeChat

Identifiers

PMID34201450
PMCPMC8268404

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.