ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Real-Time High-Level Acute Pain Detection Using a Smartphone and a Wrist-Worn Electrodermal Activity Sensor.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Machine Learning Techniques for Arousal Classification from Electrodermal Activity: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- Connectivity-Based Pain Recognition from fNIRS: Parsimonious Subject-Independent Classification.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Wearable IoT-Enabled Galvanic Skin Response Device for Objective Pain and Stress Monitoring: Hardware Design and Prototype Development.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Detection of Cognitive Performance Deterioration Due to Cold-Air Exposure in Females Using Wearable Electrodermal Activity and Electrocardiogram.Biosensors · 2025Article
- Estimation of Pressure Pain in the Lower Limbs Using Electrodermal Activity, Tissue Oxygen Saturation, and Heart Rate Variability.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Observational
- Assessing the Benefit of a Digital Pain Alert System in a Community Hospital.Journal of pain research · 2025Article
- An Experimental and Clinical Physiological Signal Dataset for Automated Pain Recognition.Scientific data · 2024Article
- Sex differences in autonomic functions and cognitive performance during cold-air exposure and cold-water partial immersion.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Children's Pain Identification Based on Skin Potential Signal.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A systematic review of neurophysiological sensing for the assessment of acute pain.NPJ digital medicine · 2023Review
- Experimental Exploration of Multilevel Human Pain Assessment Using Blood Volume Pulse (BVP) Signals.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Differentiating between stress- and EPT-induced electrodermal activity during dental examination.Computers in biology and medicine · 2023Article
- Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in Pain Research: Understanding the Role of Electrodermal Activity for Automated Pain Recognition.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Sympathetic Arousal Detection in Horses Using Electrodermal Activity.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Trial Analysis of the Relationship between Taste and Biological Information Obtained While Eating Strawberries for Sensory Evaluation.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Comparison of Electrodermal Activity from Multiple Body Locations Based on Standard EDA Indices' Quality and Robustness against Motion Artifact.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Comparison of Feature Extraction Methods for Physiological Signals for Heat-Based Pain Recognition.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The subjectiveness of pain can lead to inaccurate prescribing of pain medication, which can exacerbate drug addiction and overdose. Given that pain is often experienced in patients' homes, there is an urgent need for ambulatory devices that can quantify pain in real-time. We implemented three time- and frequency-domain electrodermal activity (EDA) indices in our smartphone application that collects EDA signals using a wrist-worn device. We then evaluated our computational algorithms using thermal grill data from ten subjects. The thermal grill delivered a level of pain that was calibrated for each subject to be 8 out of 10 on a visual analog scale (VAS). Furthermore, we simulated the real-time processing of the smartphone application using a dataset pre-collected from another group of fifteen subjects who underwent pain stimulation using electrical pulses, which elicited a VAS pain score level 7 out of 10. All EDA features showed significant difference between painless and pain segments, termed for the 5-s segments before and after each pain stimulus. Random forest showed the highest accuracy in detecting pain, 81.5%, with 78.9% sensitivity and 84.2% specificity with leave-one-subject-out cross-validation approach. Our results show the potential of a smartphone application to provide near real-time objective pain detection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.