ReviewBiomedicines2021
Gender Specific Differences in Disease Susceptibility: The Role of Epigenetics.
Review in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Gender-specific outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Pooled it
- DNA Methylation Biomarkers for Young Children with Idiopathic Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Gender differences in prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Egypt: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Review
- Social determinants drive lymphedema severity and treatment adherence: evidence from a three-year retrospective cohort study.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Gender differences in Myasthenia Gravis in a neuromuscular reference center in Belgium.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
- Development and validation of an Occupational Hazards Index (OHI) and its association with hypertension-diabetes comorbidity in steel workers: a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Neurovascular Unit-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Regulators of Post-Stroke Pathology and Neurorestoration.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Overview of the Zinc Functional Interactome Through Health Hallmarks and Medical Conditions.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Grand challenges in sex differences in immunology: problems the field must solve before biological sex can guide clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Multicenter clinical performance and comparative evaluation of the LIAISON PLEX RespiratoryJournal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity of a recombinant subunit COVID-19 vaccine: A prospective, multi-centre, longitudinal study in Chinese Alzheimer's disease patients.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Biological sex impacts immune cell proportions and epigenetic profiles in the developing pediatric immune system.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Gene Expression Differences in Varicose Veins.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- ACC Reward Location Information Is Carried by Hippocampal Theta Synchrony and Suppressed in a Type 2 Diabetes Model.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Association ofGenes · 2025Article
- Might Thyroid Function in Patients with Turner Syndrome Have a Significant Impact on Their Muscle Strength?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many complex traits or diseases, such as infectious and autoimmune diseases, cancer, xenobiotics exposure, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the outcome of vaccination, show a differential susceptibility between males and females. In general, the female immune system responds more efficiently to pathogens. However, this can lead to over-reactive immune responses, which may explain the higher presence of autoimmune diseases in women, but also potentially the more adverse effects of vaccination in females compared with in males. Many clinical and epidemiological studies reported, for the SARS-CoV-2 infection, a gender-biased differential response; however, the majority of reports dealt with a comparable morbidity, with males, however, showing higher COVID-19 adverse outcomes. Although gender differences in immune responses have been studied predominantly within the context of sex hormone effects, some other mechanisms have been invoked: cellular mosaicism, skewed X chromosome inactivation, genes escaping X chromosome inactivation, and miRNAs encoded on the X chromosome. The hormonal hypothesis as well as other mechanisms will be examined and discussed in the light of the most recent epigenetic findings in the field, as the concept that epigenetics is the unifying mechanism in explaining gender-specific differences is increasingly emerging.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.