ReviewNanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Use of Protamine in Nanopharmaceuticals-A Review.
Review in Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anticoagulants, Their Laboratory Monitoring, and Reversal.Hematology reports · 2026Review
- Development and Characterization of a Hydrogel Incorporating Protamine-Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Disulfiram and Coumarin for Diabetic Wound Healing.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- The polymeric nanovectors landscape for cancer immunotherapies towards advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs).Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Synergistic antimicrobial nanocomposite: Protamine-loaded PVP-capped silver nanoparticles for combating multidrug-resistant infections.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- The history of protamine.Anaesthesia and intensive care · 2026Article
- Construction of Transcutaneous Immuno-oncology Vaccine Patches Based on Total RNA from Immunogenic Cell Death-Induced Tumor Cells: Characterization, Immunological Activity, and Safety Evaluation.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Multifunctional chitosan-doxorubicin nanocarriers: advancing targeted breast cancer chemotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- The mRNA-Based Innovative Strategy: Progress and Challenges.Nano-micro letters · 2026Review
- Therapeutic evaluation of paclitaxel co-loaded PLGA nanoparticles with imatinib, protamine-imatinib, and gefitinib: comparative in vitro studies in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and in vivo investigations in rats.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Nanomaterials in gene therapy and genome editing: challenges and emerging directions.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Cell penetrating peptide-functionalized small interfering RNA nanoparticles knock down HER expression in breast cancer cells.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Protamine expression in somatic cells condenses chromatin and disrupts transcription without altering DNA methylation.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2025Article
- Protamine Drives Liquid and Solid Condensation of DNA and Glycosaminoglycans.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2025Article
- Design of Electrostatic Nanocomplex of Semaglutide with Protamine and Zinc for Subcutaneous Prolonged Delivery.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Enteric Delivery of Probiotics: Challenges, Techniques, and Activity Assays.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory Effects ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exploiting Silica-Binding and Silica-Forming Proteins as Versatile Tools for One-Step Enzyme Immobilization on Siliceous Materials.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Recent Advances in Cationic Nanoemulsions for Drug Delivery: Preparation, Properties, and Applications.Current pharmaceutical design · 2025Review
- Protein-Decorated Reverse Osmosis Membranes with High Gypsum Scaling Resistance.ACS environmental Au · 2024Article
- PROTA: A Robust Tool for Protamine Prediction Using a Hybrid Approach of Machine Learning and Deep Learning.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macromolecular biomolecules are currently dethroning classical small molecule therapeutics because of their improved targeting and delivery properties. Protamine-a small polycationic peptide-represents a promising candidate. In nature, it binds and protects DNA against degradation during spermatogenesis due to electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged DNA-phosphate backbone and the positively charged protamine. Researchers are mimicking this technique to develop innovative nanopharmaceutical drug delivery systems, incorporating protamine as a carrier for biologically active components such as DNA or RNA. The first part of this review highlights ongoing investigations in the field of protamine-associated nanotechnology, discussing the self-assembling manufacturing process and nanoparticle engineering. Immune-modulating properties of protamine are those that lead to the second key part, which is protamine in novel vaccine technologies. Protamine-based RNA delivery systems in vaccines (some belong to the new class of mRNA-vaccines) against infectious disease and their use in cancer treatment are reviewed, and we provide an update on the current state of latest developments with protamine as pharmaceutical excipient for vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.