ArticleCells2021
ACE2-Independent Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Human Epithelial Cells Is Inhibited by Unfractionated Heparin.
Article in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Proteomic Analysis of COVID-19 Infection.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry: implications for biomedical strategies.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- An RGD motif on SARS-CoV-2 Spike induces TGF-β signaling and downregulates interferon.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screens reveal regulation of TMPRSS2 by the Elongin BC-VHL complex.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Advances in molecular regulation and function of LDLR family in viral infection.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- The COVID-19 thrombus: distinguishing pathological, mechanistic, and phenotypic features and management.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2025Review
- Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike trimers towards optimized heparan sulfate cross-linking and inter-chain mobility.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein promotes self-deacetylation by inducing HDAC6 to facilitate viral replication.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Significance of Artificial Intelligence in the Study of Virus-Host Cell Interactions.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Article
- Two Receptor Binding Strategy of SARS-CoV-2 Is Mediated by Both the N-Terminal and Receptor-Binding Spike Domain.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2024Article
- Therapeutic development targeting host heparan sulfate proteoglycan in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Heparan Sulfate-Mimicking Glycopolymers Bind SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in a Length- and Sulfation Pattern-Dependent Manner.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2023Article
- Host heparan sulfate promotes ACE2 super-cluster assembly and enhances SARS-CoV-2-associated syncytium formation.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Genotype and Phenotype Characterization ofViruses · 2023Article
- Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) Is Involved in Internalization of Lentiviral Particles Pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Ocular Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Purification and characterisation of heparin-like sulfated polysaccharides with potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity from snail mucus of Achatina fulica.Carbohydrate research · 2023Article
- Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Dry Eye Parameters.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Well-Defined Heparin Mimetics Can Inhibit Binding of the Trimeric Spike of SARS-CoV-2 in a Length-Dependent Manner.JACS Au · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19, depend on virus spike protein binding to host cell receptors to cause infection. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds primarily to ACE2 on target cells and is then processed by membrane proteases, including TMPRSS2, leading to viral internalisation or fusion with the plasma membrane. It has been suggested, however, that receptors other than ACE2 may be involved in virus binding. We have investigated the interactions of recombinant versions of the spike protein with human epithelial cell lines that express low/very low levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in a proxy assay for interaction with host cells. A tagged form of the spike protein containing the S1 and S2 regions bound in a temperature-dependent manner to all cell lines, whereas the S1 region alone and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) interacted only weakly. Spike protein associated with cells independently of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, while RBD required the presence of high levels of ACE2 for interaction. As the spike protein has previously been shown to bind heparin, a soluble glycosaminoglycan, we tested the effects of various heparins on ACE2-independent spike protein interaction with cells. Unfractionated heparin inhibited spike protein interaction with an IC
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.