ArticleGenes2021
New Bird Sexing Strategy Developed in the Order Psittaciformes Involves Multiple Markers to Avoid Sex Misidentification: Debunked Myth of the Universal DNA Marker.
Article in Genes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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16 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anatomy, histology, and histochemistry of the harderian and lacrimal glands in the great spotted woodpecker (dendrocopos major).Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- Histological Diversity of Eyelids and the Nictitating Membrane in Six Woodpecker Species (Picidae).Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- The spindlin gene as a universal marker for molecular sex identification in different poultry species.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Molecular vs. endoscopic sexing of domestic pigeons (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Cross-Species Validation of Pigeon-Specific CHD1 Primers for Molecular Sexing in Pet Birds.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Application of Minimally Invasive Oral Swab Samples for qPCR-Based Sexing in Neognathae Birds.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Rapid Sex Identification in Spotted Knifejaw (Oplegnathus punctatus) Using tmem88 Gene Structural Variation Markers.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Sex identification of sun conure (Veterinary world · 2024Article
- Minimally Invasive Sampling Methods for Molecular Sexing of Wild and Companion Birds.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- A Comparison of Feathers and Oral Swab Samples as DNA Sources for Molecular Sexing in Companion Birds.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Establishment of New Genetic Markers and Methods for Sex Determination of Mouse and Human Cells using Polymerase Chain Reactions and Crude DNA Samples.Current genomics · 2022Article
- Article
- Application of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) in Sex Identification of Parrots Bred in Egypt.Biology · 2022Article
- Article
- Finer resolution analysis of transcriptional programming during the active migration of chicken primordial germ cells.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sexing of birds is indispensable for scientific, breeding and conservation programs but is difficult in many species and is particularly problematic in the case of nestlings showing no sexual dimorphism. Most useful and efficient methods of sex determination are based on unique features of the Z and W sex chromosomes detected via PCR to distinguish males (ZZ) and females (ZW). During the last twenty-five years researchers searched for the universal marker capable of sexing a maximally wide spectrum of species in a single PCR assay. We screened the phylogenetically representative set of 135 Psittaciformes species including 59 species sexed for the first time. Two known (P2P8, CHD1iA) PCR markers and four additional W/Z polymorphisms (CHD1iE, CHD1i16, CHD1i9 and NIPBLi16) located within the Chromo Helicase DNA binding CHD1 or the Nipped-B homolog NIPBL genes were applied. We present the electrophoretic patterns obtained for the PCR products of the analyzed markers including most typical and atypical patterns allowing sex determination, as well as those obtained when the given marker failed in sexing. Technical aspects of molecular sex determination are discussed: the optimization of amplification conditions, direct PCR and potential misinterpretations. A truly universal marker has not been found, and therefore, we propose a sexing strategy based on multiple CHD1i16, NIPBLi16, CHD1i9 and CHD1iE markers. This new strategy confirms the sex of a given bird with at least two markers detecting independent Z/W polymorphisms, reduces the number of necessary PCR reactions and minimizes the risk of sex misidentification.
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