ArticleBiomolecules2021
Macrophage Plasticity and Polarization Are Altered in the Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis.
Article in Biomolecules, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- The M1/M2 Test System for Determining Macrophage Phenotypes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Immune reconstitution and tolerance-inducing therapies as promising therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Transcriptome analysis of the prefrontal cortex identifies inflammatory genes associated with cognitive impairment in a model of multiple sclerosis.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- A radiolabeled dendrimer non-invasively identifies and tracks innate immune cell activation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Review
- The potential role of 1,25(OH)Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Review
- Modulation of αv integrins by lebecetin, a viper venom-derived molecule, in experimental neuroinflammation and demyelination models.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Macrophages and HLA-Class II Alleles in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights in Therapeutic Dynamics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Expression profiling of cerebrospinal fluid identifies dysregulated antiviral mechanisms in multiple sclerosis.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Article
- The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- Neu1 deficiency and fibrotic lymph node microenvironment lead to imbalance in M1/M2 macrophage polarization.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Macrophage polarization: an important role in inflammatory diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Butyrate prevents visceral adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic alterations in a Friedreich's ataxia mouse model.iScience · 2023Article
- Critical contributions of protein cargos to the functions of macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Article
- Sensor Array-Enabled Identification of Drugs for Repolarization of Macrophages to Anti-Inflammatory Phenotypes.Analytical chemistry · 2023Article
- Immune Regulatory Functions of Macrophages and Microglia in Central Nervous System Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Regulatory Mechanism of M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization in the Development of Autoimmune Diseases.Mediators of inflammation · 2023Review
- Damage-mediated macrophage polarization in sterile inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Article
- Acyclic Diterpene Phytol from Hemp Seed Oil (Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. MS is characterized by infiltrations of leukocytes such as T and B lymphocytes and macrophages. Macrophages have been identified as major effectors of inflammation and demyelination in both MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the activation and heterogeneity of macrophages in MS has been poorly investigated. Thus, in this study, we evaluated M1 and M2 macrophages immunophenotype from EAE and control mice by analyzing over 30 surface and intracellular markers through polychromatic flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA assay. We showed that M1 macrophages possessed a higher proinflammatory profile in EAE compared to control mice, since they expressed higher levels of activation/co-stimulatory markers (iNOS, CD40, and CD80) and cytokines/chemokines (IL-6, IL-12, CCL2, and CXCL10), whereas M2 lost their M2-like phenotype by showing a decreased expression of their signature markers CD206 and CCL22, as well as a concomitant upregulation of several M1 makers. Furthermore, immunization of M1 and M2 macrophages with MOG35-55 led to a significant hyperactivation of M1 and a concomitant shift of anti-inflammatory M2 to pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. Overall, we provide evidence for a phenotypic alteration of M1/M2 balance during MS, which can be of crucial importance not only for a better understanding of the immunopathology of this neurodegenerative disease but also to potentially develop new macrophage-centered therapeutic strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.