ReviewPharmaceutics2021
Protamine-Based Strategies for RNA Transfection.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protamine nanocapsules as gene delivery carriers for the treatment of intraocular tumors.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Tissue-specific gene delivery approaches.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Review
- Self-Assembling Short Peptide Carriers for Gene Delivery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Improved Messenger RNA Stability and Biocompatibility Through Self-Gelatinizable Nucleic Acids.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2026Article
- Review
- Lipid-free, thermostable mRNA vaccines prepared using atomic layer deposition.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- Cell penetrating peptide-functionalized small interfering RNA nanoparticles knock down HER expression in breast cancer cells.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Protamine expression in somatic cells condenses chromatin and disrupts transcription without altering DNA methylation.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2025Article
- Recent Advances in mRNA Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Peptides: potential delivery systems for mRNA.RSC chemical biology · 2025Review
- Therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles in human diseases.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Protamine-Based Nanotherapeutics for Gene Delivery to Glioblastoma Cells.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- An efficient mRNA delivery system for genome editing in plants.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Advances in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Their Obstacles, and Prospects Toward Tumor Immunotherapy.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- Conventional and microfluidic methods: Design and optimization of lipid-polymeric hybrid nanoparticles for gene therapy.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Polyethylene Glycolylation of the Purified Basic Protein (Protamine) of Squid (International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Complexed hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis: Research trends by natural language processing.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Review
- Personalized mRNA vaccines in glioblastoma therapy: from rational design to clinical trials.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Gelatin and lipidoid integrate to createBioactive materials · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protamine is a natural cationic peptide mixture mostly known as a drug for the neutralization of heparin and as a compound in formulations of slow-release insulin. Protamine is also used for cellular delivery of nucleic acids due to opposite charge-driven coupling. This year marks 60 years since the first use of Protamine as a transfection enhancement agent. Since then, Protamine has been broadly used as a stabilization agent for RNA delivery. It has also been involved in several compositions for RNA-based vaccinations in clinical development. Protamine stabilization of RNA shows double functionality: it not only protects RNA from degradation within biological systems, but also enhances penetration into cells. A Protamine-based RNA delivery system is a flexible and versatile platform that can be adjusted according to therapeutic goals: fused with targeting antibodies for precise delivery, digested into a cell penetrating peptide for better transfection efficiency or not-covalently mixed with functional polymers. This manuscript gives an overview of the strategies employed in protamine-based RNA delivery, including the optimization of the nucleic acid's stability and translational efficiency, as well as the regulation of its immunostimulatory properties from early studies to recent developments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.