SynthesisJournal of sport and health science2021
Cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of sport and health science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optimising Exercise Prescription: A Meta-Analysis Examining the Dose Response of Exercise Duration on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following HIIT and MICT.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training on Exercise Capacity, Muscle Strength, Quality of Life, and Mortality in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review of prognostic value of cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with cirrhosis.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Highlights a Link Between Aerobic Fitness and Telomere Maintenance.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training Prescribed Relative to Traditional Intensity Anchors and Physiological Thresholds: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of plyometric training on health-related physical fitness in untrained participants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong and consistent predictor of morbidity and mortality among adults: an overview of meta-analyses representing over 20.9 million observations from 199 unique cohort studies.British journal of sports medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Brazilian Guideline for Exercise Test in the Adult Population - 2024.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2024Guideline
- Determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta‑regression.Brazilian journal of physical therapyPooled it
- Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Using a Smart Ring and Telephone Counselling: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Trial
- Cardiorespiratory fitness in kidney transplant recipients: A pilot randomised controlled trial of structured home-based rehabilitation and a nested case-control analysis.Clinical rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- Intelligent circuit exercise training improves platelet mitochondrial bioenergetic efficiency in sedentary men.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Aerobic capacity andEuropean journal of applied physiology · 2023Trial
- Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Improving Mortality Predictors in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Aerobic Exercise Response Variation and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease: An SDir Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
- Aerobic Fitness and Health-Related Phenotypes: A Two-Stage Phenome-Wide Mendelian Randomization Study.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2026Article
- Role of Fat-Free Mass-Adjusted Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Predicting Hospitalization Risk in Patients with Heart Failure.Yonsei medical journal · 2026Article
- The effect of dapagliflozin on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus following PCI: a single-center prospective randomized controlled study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- p16EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Association between lifelong physical activity, physical fitness, and quality of life in older adults in Poland.Scientific reports · 2026Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical populations, but evidence for the association between CRF and all-cause and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients with established CVD is lacking. This study aimed to quantify this association.
methodsWe searched for prospective cohort studies that measured CRF with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with CVD and that examined all-cause and CVD mortality with at least 6 months of follow-up. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random-effect inverse-variance analyses.
resultsData were obtained from 21 studies and included 159,352 patients diagnosed with CVD (38.1% female). Pooled HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality comparing the highest vs. lowest category of CRF were 0.42 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.28-0.61) and 0.27 (95%CI: 0.16-0.48), respectively. Pooled HRs per 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increment were significant for all-cause mortality (HR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.74-0.88) but not for CVD mortality (HR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.48-1.18). Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.26-0.41) than did their unfit counterparts. Each 1-MET increase was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among coronary artery disease patients (HR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76-0.91) but not lower among those with heart failure (HR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.36-1.32).
conclusionA better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD. This study supports the use of CRF as a powerful predictor of mortality in this population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.