Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34196833›Full record

ReviewCurrent cardiology reports2021

Mechanisms Driving Immune-Related Adverse Events in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

David J Lee, Howard J Lee, Jocelyn R Farmer, Kerry L Reynolds

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Current cardiology reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
61citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
5.1field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

61 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Sex Steroid Hormone Regulation of T-Cell Function and Antitumor Immunity.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026
    Review
  6. Cancer pain.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026
    Review
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1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

David J LeeDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Howard J LeeDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Jocelyn R FarmerAllergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Kerry L ReynoldsDivision of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. kreynolds7@partners.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7793-654X
Harvard University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purpose of reviewIn the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the field of cancer treatment. With the continuing rise in the number of cancer patients eligible for ICIs, a corresponding rise in immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is occurring. IrAEs are inflammatory reactions against normal, healthy tissue that occur due to ICI-induced activation of the immune system. Although the exact immune pathogenesis driving irAE development remains unknown, we review the main proposed mechanisms, highlighting how they may inform irAE prediction and treatment. RECENT

findingsIrAEs are common and diverse, varying in incidence, timing, and severity. The possible mechanisms driving irAEs include (1) activation of cytotoxic T cells; (2) activation of B cells and increased autoantibody production; (3) direct molecular mimicry and off-target toxicity; (4) activation of intracellular signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production; and (5) environmental modifiers of immune system activation, including composition of the host gut microbiome. These mechanisms may help identify predictive biomarkers and targeted treatment strategies. IrAEs are driven by multiple components of the immune system. More research is needed to understand their immunopathogenesis so that clinicians across all specialties may more effectively monitor and manage these increasingly common conditions.

Indexed as

Immune Checkpoint InhibitorsNeoplasmsBiomarkersHumansIncidenceBiomarkersImmune Checkpoint InhibitorscancerImmune checkpoint inhibitorsImmune-related adverse eventsImmune therapy

Identifiers

PMID34196833
OpenAlexW3173714375

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.