Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34195575›Full record

ArticleEClinicalMedicine2021

Impact of 1% chlorhexidine gluconate bathing and emollient application on bacterial pathogen colonization dynamics in hospitalized preterm neonates - A pilot clinical trial.

Angela Dramowski, Sheylyn Pillay, Adrie Bekker, Ilhaam Abrahams, Mark F Cotton, Susan E Coffin, Andrew C Whitelaw

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
2.9field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03896893 naunknown statusnot on this map

Impact of 1% Chlorhexidine Gluconate and/or Emollient on Neonatal Bacterial Colonization Dynamics

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of StellenboschRan2019 to 2019Enrolled80ConditionsNeonatal SEPSIS, Prematurity, Very Low Birth Weight Baby, Bloodstream InfectionArmsSkin antisepsis, Emollient
NCT06590675 naterminatednot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Development and Evaluation of a ChlorHexidine Gluconate bAthing pRotocol for Healthcare Settings in Low- and Middle-income Countries

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of PennsylvaniaRan2025 to 2025Enrolled19ConditionsMultidrug Resistant Bacterial InfectionArmsChlorhexidine Gluconate (CHG)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Neonatal sepsis and the skin microbiome.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2022
    Review
  10. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Angela DramowskiDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
Sheylyn PillayDivision of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
Adrie BekkerDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
Ilhaam AbrahamsDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
Mark F CottonDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
Susan E CoffinDivision of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Paediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.
Andrew C WhitelawDivision of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
Stellenbosch University · ZANational Health Laboratory Service · ZAChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia · US

Funding

Developing a care bundle for neonatal sepsis prevention in low-resource settingsK43TW010682 · FIC · STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY · PI DRAMOWSKI, ANGELA · 2017 to 2020
$454k
FIC NIH HHS K43 TW010682
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundChlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) body washes and emollient application may modulate bacterial pathogen colonization and prevent neonatal hospital-acquired infections.

methodsThis pilot, non-randomized, open-label trial, enrolled preterm neonates (1000-1500g; day 1-3 of life) at a tertiary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Participants were sequentially allocated to 4 trial arms (n=20 each): 1% aqueous CHG (CHG), 1% CHG plus emollient (CHG+EM), emollient only (EM) and standard of care (SOC: no antiseptic/emollient). Trial treatment/s were applied daily for 10 days (d) post-enrolment, documenting neonatal skin condition score. Anterior nose, neck, umbilical and perianal swabs for bacterial culture were collected at d1, d3, d10 and d16 post-enrolment, (±1 day), reporting pathogen acquisition rates and semi-quantitative bacterial colony counts. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03896893; trial status: closed).

findingsEighty preterm neonates (mean gestational age 30 weeks [SD 2]) were enrolled between 4 March and 26 August 2019. The bacterial pathogen acquisition rate (comparing d1 and d16 swabs) varied from 33·9% [95%CI 22·9-47·0] at the umbilicus, 39·3% [95%CI 27·6-52·4] at the neck, to 71·4% [95%CI 58·5-81·7] at both the nose and perianal region. At d10, CHG babies had reduced bacterial density detected from neck, umbilicus, and perianal swabs compared to other groups (see Table 3). Following intervention cessation, colonization density was similar across all trial arms, but

interpretationBacterial colonization density was significantly reduced in babies receiving 1% CHG washes but colonization levels rebounded rapidly post-intervention. Emollient application improved skin condition but was associated with higher rates of

fundingSouth African Medical Research Council; National Institutes of Health (TW010682).

Indexed as

ACC, aerobic colony countAE, adverse eventAMR, antimicrobial resistanceART, antiretroviral therapybacterial colonizationBSI, bloodstream infectionCFU, colony forming unitCHG, chlorhexidine gluconatechlorhexidine gluconateCI, confidence intervald, dayEM, emollientemollientESBL, extended-spectrum B-lactamaseHAI, healthcare-associated infectionHIV, human immunodeficiency virushospital-acquired infectioninfection preventionIPC, infection prevention and controlKMC, kangaroo mother careLMIC, low-to-middle income countriesnCPAP, nasal cannula positive airways pressureNEC, necrotizing enterocolitisneonatal unitNICU, neonatal intensive care unitSD, standard deviationSOC, standard of carespp, speciesUIPC, Unit for Infection Prevention and ControlUTI, urinary tract infectionVLBW, very low birth weight

Identifiers

PMID34195575
PMCPMC8225683
OpenAlexW3174080033

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.