ArticleThe ISME journal2021
First come, first served: superinfection exclusion in Deformed wing virus is dependent upon sequence identity and not the order of virus acquisition.
Article in The ISME journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Pollen to Pathogen Defense: How Pollen Chemical Quality Impacts Deformed Wing Virus Infection and Survival in Honey Bees.Viruses · 2026Review
- Review
- Deformed Wing Virus in Iranian Honeybees: Molecular Detection, Phylogenetic Diversity and Regional Insights.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Article
- Latent infection of Caenorhabditis elegans by Orsay virus induces age-dependent immunity and cross-protection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Superinfection Exclusion in Neotropical Honey Bees May Block DWV-B, an Emerging Infectious Disease Variant of Deformed Wing Virus.Evolutionary applications · 2025Article
- Dominance of recombinant DWV genomes with changing viral landscapes as revealed in national US honey bee and varroa mite survey.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Eilat virus (EILV) causes superinfection exclusion against West Nile virus (WNV) in a strain-specific manner inThe Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- Seasonal Variability in the Prevalence of DWV Strains in Individual Colonies of European Honeybees in Hawaii.Insects · 2024Article
- Article
- Doomed drones? Using passage experiments and mathematical modelling to determine Deformed wing virus population dynamics in male honeybees.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Review
- All together now: Geographically coordinated miticide treatment benefits honey bee health.The Journal of applied ecology · 2023Article
- Epidemiology of a major honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus: potential worldwide replacement of genotype A by genotype B.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2022Article
- Article
- Procedures and potential pitfalls for constructing a bee-infecting RNA virus clone.Frontiers in insect science · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is the most important globally distributed pathogen of honey bees and, when vectored by the ectoparasite Varroa destructor, is associated with high levels of colony losses. Divergent DWV types may differ in their pathogenicity and are reported to exhibit superinfection exclusion upon sequential infections, an inevitability in a Varroa-infested colony. We used a reverse genetic approach to investigate competition and interactions between genetically distinct or related virus strains, analysing viral load over time, tissue distribution with reporter gene-expressing viruses and recombination between virus variants. Transient competition occurred irrespective of the order of virus acquisition, indicating no directionality or dominance. Over longer periods, the ability to compete with a pre-existing infection correlated with the genetic divergence of the inoculae. Genetic recombination was observed throughout the DWV genome with recombinants accounting for ~2% of the population as determined by deep sequencing. We propose that superinfection exclusion, if it occurs at all, is a consequence of a cross-reactive RNAi response to the viruses involved, explaining the lack of dominance of one virus type over another. A better understanding of the consequences of dual- and superinfection will inform development of cross-protective honey bee vaccines and landscape-scale DWV transmission and evolution.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.