ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Scalable live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate demonstrates preclinical safety and efficacy.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- The Reassessed Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Attenuation for COVID-19 Vaccine Development-A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Respiratory mucosal immunity: Biological functions, diseases, prevention and therapy.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- An Engineered Spike Immunogen Drives Broad Protection of a Bivalent Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccine in Animal Models.Viruses · 2026Article
- Combating respiratory diseases with mucosal vaccines.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- An intramuscular prime-intranasal boost strategy for mRNA-LNP vaccine induces mucosal immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in murine model.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Genome-Wide Codon Reprogramming Enables a Multifactorially Attenuated Influenza Vaccine with Broad Cross-Protection.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A bireporter recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 forbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- CocoVax: a web server for codon-based deoptimization of viral genes in live attenuated vaccine design.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Codon-deoptimized single-round infectious virus for therapeutic and vaccine applications.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Promising Vaccine Formulations for Emerging Infectious Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 virus lacking the envelope and membrane open-reading frames as a vaccine platform.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Nasal vaccines for respiratory infections.Nature · 2025Review
- Beyond the Pandemic Era: Recent Advances and Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Against Emerging Variants of Concern.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Natural Infection of Omicron BA.5.2 in Patients Provides Broad Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- A novel platform for engineered AAV-based vaccines.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Article
- Article
- Viral Live-Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs): Past and Future Directions.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with VLA2001 and an ORFV-based vector enhances spike- and nucleocapsid-specific immunity in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Successfully combating the COVID-19 pandemic depends on mass vaccination with suitable vaccines to achieve herd immunity. Here, we describe COVI-VAC, the only live attenuated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine currently in clinical development. COVI-VAC was developed by recoding a segment of the viral spike protein with synonymous suboptimal codon pairs (codon-pair deoptimization), thereby introducing 283 silent (point) mutations. In addition, the furin cleavage site within the spike protein was deleted from the viral genome for added safety of the vaccine strain. Except for the furin cleavage site deletion, the COVI-VAC and parental SARS-CoV-2 amino acid sequences are identical, ensuring that all viral proteins can engage with the host immune system of vaccine recipients. COVI-VAC was temperature sensitive in vitro yet grew robustly (>10
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.