Trial reportBMJ open2021
Analgesic effects of intravenous ketamine after spinal anaesthesia for non-elective caesarean delivery: a randomised controlled trial.
Trial report in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03450499 (Analgesia Effects of Intravenous Ketamine After Spinal Anesthesia for Non-elective Cesarean Section), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Analgesia Effects of Intravenous Ketamine After Spinal Anesthesia for Non-elective Cesarean Section
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Estimated preventive dose of racemic ketamine for shivering and pruritus prophylaxis in cesarean delivery: a Monte Carlo simulation guided network meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Prophylactic esketamine to reduce postpartum depression in primiparae: A multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial.European journal of anaesthesiology · 2026Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Esketamine for Supplemental Analgesia During Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Effect of Intranasal Ketamine on Pain Intensity after Cesarean Section: A Single-Center, Double Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2023Trial
- The Use of Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine in Cesarean Section: A Narrative Review of Clinical Applications and Safety Considerations.Anesthesiology and pain medicine · 2025Review
- A Scoping Review: Ketamine for the Prevention of Perioperative Shivering in Patients Undergoing Spinal Anesthesia.Cureus · 2024Article
- Effect of Intravenous Ketamine Infusion on Hemodynamics of Patients Undergoing Cesarean Delivery after Spinal Anaesthesia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation · 2023Article
- Spinal anesthesia in elective lumbar spinal surgery.Anesthesia and pain medicine · 2023Review
- Simultaneous quantitation of ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorketamine in human milk using a novel ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis · 2023Article
- Analgesic Effect of Esketamine Combined with Tramadol for Patient-Controlled Intravenous Analgesia After Cesarean Section: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of pain research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study aimed to determine if low dose intravenous ketamine is effective in reducing opioid use and pain after non-elective caesarean delivery.
designProspective, randomised, double-blind.
settingTertiary hospital, Bisheshwar Prasad Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
participants80 patients undergoing non-elective caesarean section with spinal anaesthesia.
interventionsPatients were allocated in 1:1 ratio to receive either intravenous ketamine 0.25 mg/kg or normal saline before the skin incision. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the total amount of morphine equivalents needed up to postoperative 24 hours. Secondary outcome measures were postoperative pain scores, time to the first perception of pain, maternal adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, hypotension, shivering, diplopia, nystagmus, hallucination) and neonatal Apgar score at 1 and 5 min, neonatal respiratory depression and neonatal intensive-care referral.
resultsThe median (range) cumulative morphine consumption during the first 24 hours of surgery was 0 (0-4.67) mg in ketamine group and 1 (0-6) mg in saline group (p=0.003). The median (range) time to the first perception of pain was 6 (1-12) hours and 2 (0.5-6) hours in ketamine and saline group, respectively (p<0.001). A significant reduction in postoperative pain scores was observed only at 2 hours and 6 hours in the ketamine group compared with placebo group (p<0.05). Maternal adverse effects and neonatal outcomes were comparable between the two groups.
conclusionsIntravenous administration of low dose ketamine before surgical incision significantly reduced the opioid requirement in the first 24 hours in patients undergoing non-elective caesarean delivery. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03450499.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.