ArticleBMJ open2021
Sex differences in type and occurrence of adverse reactions to opioid analgesics: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analgesic effect of oral paracetamol 1000 mg/ibuprofen 400 mg, paracetamol 1000 mg/codeine 60 mg, paracetamol 1000 mg/ibuprofen 400 mg/codeine 60 mg, or placebo on acute postoperative pain: a single-dose, randomized, and double-blind study.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2023Trial
- Pharmacogenetic Guided Opioid Therapy Improves Chronic Pain Outcomes and Comorbid Mental Health: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Trial
- Opioid Allergy Registrations in Danish Electronic Health Records: A Multihospital Register-Based Study With Journal Audit.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Article
- Pharmacokinetics of a Single Subcutaneous Extended-Release Buprenorphine (Ethiqa XR) in Healthy Beagles.Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- [Postoperative pain and sex/gender-current findings of the past decade].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Associations of baseline characteristics, patient-reported outcomes, and satisfaction with pain therapy with the patient's global impression of change: a prospective cohort study.British journal of anaesthesia · 2026Observational
- Identifying Sex Differences in Adverse Events Reported on Opioid Drugs in the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Risk factors for perioperative respiratory adverse events and unplanned intensive care admission in children with juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis undergoing carbon dioxide laser resection.World journal of pediatric surgery · 2026Article
- Acute toxicity and sex-dependent lethality of isotonitazene in fischer 344 rats.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Median effective dose and 95% effective dose of oliceridine combined with ciprofol for painless gastroscopy: a dose-finding study based on Dixon's up-and-down method.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in hepatic enzymes and transporters involved in pharmacokinetics.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2025Review
- Characteristics and risk factors of opioid poisoning in opioid-dependent individuals using their primary opioid of dependence: a registry-based study.International journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Comparative study of the effects of ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and codeine in a model of orofacial postoperative pain in male and female rats.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Article
- Sex Disparities in Opioid Prescription and Administration on a Hospital Medicine Service.Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Article
- Sex-Gender Differences Are Completely Neglected in Treatments for Neuropathic Pain.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Effect of gender on the evolution of pain and quality of life after treatment of symptomatic vertebral fragility fractures.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2024Article
- Magnitude and predictors of elasticity of demand for morphine are similar in male and female rats.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2024Article
- Investigating the neurobiology of maternal opioid use disorder and prenatal opioid exposure using brain organoid technology.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Adverse Drug Reactions to Opioids: A Study in a National Pharmacovigilance Database.Drug safety · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesSex as a biological variable affects response to opioids. However, few reports describe the prevalence of specific adverse reactions to commonly prescribed opioids in men and women separately. A large cohort was used to investigate sex differences in type and occurrence of adverse reactions associated with use of codeine, tramadol, oxycodone and hydrocodone.
designRetrospective cohort study.
settingParticipants in the Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Time (RIGHT) Study.
participantsThe medical records of 8457 participants in the RIGHT Study who received an opioid prescription between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2017 were reviewed 61% women, 94% white, median age (Q1-Q3)=58 (47-66). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Adverse reactions including gastrointestinal, skin, psychiatric and nervous system issues were collected from the allergy section of each patient's medical record. Sex differences in the risk of adverse reactions due to prescribed opioids were modelled using logistic regression adjusted for age, body mass index, race and ethnicity.
resultsFrom 8457 participants (of which 449 (5.3%) reported adverse reactions), more women (6.5%) than men (3.4%) reported adverse reactions to at least one opioid (OR (95% CI)=2.3 (1.8 to 2.8), p<0.001). Women were more likely to report adverse reactions to tramadol (OR (95% CI)=2.8 (1.8 to 4.4), p<0.001) and oxycodone (OR (95% CI)=2.2 (1.7 to 2.9), p<0.001). Women were more likely to report gastrointestinal (OR (95% CI)=3.1 (2.3 to 4.3), p<0.001), skin (OR (95% CI)=2.1 (1.4 to 3.3), p=0.001) and nervous system issues (OR (95% CI)=2.3 (1.3 to 4.2), p=0.004).
conclusionsThese findings support the importance of sex as a biological variable to be factored into pain management studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.